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INTERNATIONAL TRADE: MING CHINA & THE INDIAN OCEAN NETWORK Learning Goal 3: Describe what characteristic of global trade after the European discovery of the western hemisphere and explain the role Ming China played in global trade.

IMPORTANT TERMS TO KNOW Eunuch castrated male. Important servants in the Ming government Tribute gifts offered to show respect and admiration Colonialism Act of one country taking control of another country or region

MING DYNASTY China: 1368 – 1644 Peasant revolt and uprising drove out the Mongols Ming Dynasty founded by Hong Wu, peasant soldier and Buddhist monk Reestablished Chinese rule and make sure no foreign rule would ever happen again

EMPEROR HONG WU MING GOVERNMENT Buddhist Monk Brought stability to China Rebuilt the infrastructure Bridges Canals Roads Temples Reinstated the civil service exams Centralized government and put eunuchs in charge Neo-Confucianism, as well as influences from Daoism & Buddhism

FORBIDDEN CITY Located in Beijing Surrounded by 40-foot high walls and a moat Highest-ranking civil servants and officials lived in the city Emperor’s palace in very center Only the emperor, his family, and certain officials/eunuchs were allowed in his palace

DECLINE OF THE MING DYNASTY China stopped trading with foreigners No foreign trade = no market for Chinese goods No market = no money for producers No money = widespread poverty Political corruption Emperors would waste money on lavish parties Heavy taxes = Peasants get mad! Famine = Peasants starve Politically Weak = military weak = invaded by the Manchus The last Ming emperor hanged himself on a tree in the imperial garden outside the Forbidden City.

BUT BEFORE THE MING DYNASTY COLLAPSED…

INDIAN OCEAN TRADE NETWORK Silk Road = used for trading by land Indian Ocean = trade via ship Primary trading nations: Portugal Netherlands (the Dutch) China (until the Ming collapsed) Spain East Africa Islamic Empire (what remained of it after the Mongols) Philippines Great Britain Japan

INDIAN OCEAN TRADE NETWORK: WHO WANTED WHAT? Europeans wanted spices from Asia Why? No refrigerators – need a way to preserve meat Spices allow meat to stay fresh longer Make things more delicious ☺ Allow time for responses, should come up with Asia – ask, so were the Europeans hopeless? NO! They trade for this stuff….

COMPETITION! Muslims controlled most of the trade routes China stopped foreign trade after the Ming Dynasty collapsed Portugal had military advantage Established military bases along coast of Africa, Persian Gulf, India, Southeast Asia, and China

PORTUGAL’S TRADING POST EMPIRE Military bases spread across the world: Africa, Persian Gulf, India, Southeast Asia, and China Lasted about a century Eventually assimilated into local societies in Asia and Africa Steep decline by 1600 – overextended and competition

COLONIALISM BEGINS Spain took over the Philippines Easy and bloodless Major missionary effort Remained part of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898! Great Britain focused on India Traded for pepper, spices, and cotton textiles

EAST INDIAN COMPANIES Dutch and English formed private trading companies to trade with India Militarily and economically stronger than the Portuguese Both will begin to deal in bulk for a mass market Trading posts will eventually turn into a conventional form of colonization

NETHERLANDS (THE DUTCH) Focused in Indonesia Controlled small spice-producing islands Banda Islands Dutch killed, enslaved, or left to starve almost the entire population (15,000) and then replaced them with Dutch farmers and slave laborers Would sell nutmeg, mace, and cloves at 14 – 17 times the price they paid in Indonesia Profits soared, but local economy of the Spice Islands was shattered and people were left impoverished

JAPAN RUSSIA Used profits from silver to unify country developed a market-based economy Invested heavily in agriculture and industry Families took steps to have less children Outcome: flourishing, highly commercialized economy Laid foundation for the 19th century Industrial Revolution Fairly new to trading Major source of furs for Western Europe and Ottoman Empire Profits from furs allowed for rapid expansion Tax or tribute imposed on every male between 18 – 50 payable in furs

SILVER TRADE: CHINA Chinese had a favorable balance of trade with Europe Silk was still in high demand in Europe The Chinese wanted silver Chinese population was required to pay their taxes in silver China purchased a lot of silver To afford silver, the Chinese had to sell their own goods China became central to world market Silver “went round the world and made the world go round” Bolivia, Japan, Spanish America, and the Philippines provided silver

Next Up: Webquest We will explore the Indian Ocean trade using online maps! -Go to http://indianoceanhistory.org/ -Scroll down -In the middle, under “Era Maps” click “Medieval Era” -Use the map to complete the first column

Map of the Indian Ocean Region