Figure 2 Peptide vaccination using TAA-derived long peptides

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Figure 2 Peptide vaccination using TAA-derived long peptides Figure 2 | Peptide vaccination using TAA-derived long peptides. Vaccination with short peptides acting via human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-class‑I‑restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes alone does not always elicit a sufficient immune response because presentation of HLA class I molecules by nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells without co-stimulatory molecules can induce tolerance or anergy of CD8+ T cells. Long peptides consist of ≥15 amino acids and are not biologically active but need additional processing to enable loading of dendritic cell HLA molecules. Tumour-associated-antigen (TAA)-derived long peptide candidates are predicted to have HLA-class‑II‑binding peptides encompassing HLA-class‑I‑restricted CTL epitopes. Inoculated long peptides are taken up and processed in dendritic cells, which present CD8+ CTL and CD4+ helper T‑cell epitopes in the context of HLA class I and class II molecules, respectively. Long peptides elicit TAA-specific responses by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells without inducing immunological tolerance. PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Kimura, T. et al. (2017) Personalized peptide vaccines and their relation to other therapies in urological cancer Nat. Rev. Urol. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2017.77