National Health Systems Chapter 13 National Health Systems Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 13.1 Total health expenditures as a share of gross domestic product (GDP), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries, 2009. Note: Some 2010 and 2011 data are available but incomplete. Source: OECD Report Health at a Glance 2011. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/49105858.pdf [Accessed 2 January 2014]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 13.2 National health maintenance organization (HMO) enrollment, 1987–2011. Source: Managed Care Fact Sheets. National HMO enrollment graph 1987–2011. Available at: http://www.mcol.com/factsheet_hmo_enrollment_graph [Accessed 31 March 2013]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 13.3 Health expenditures, Canada, 1976–2011. Source: CIHI Canadian Institute Health Information. National Health Expenditures 1975–2011. Available at: https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/nhex_trends_report_2011_en.pdf [Accessed 30 May 2013]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 13.4 Health expenditures, percentage of gross domestic product (GDP), selected Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries, 2000–2009 Source: OECD Indicators. Health at a glance, 2011. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/health/health-systems/49105858.pdf [Accessed 14 June 2013]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 13.5 Life expectancy at birth in years, Nordic countries, 1970–2011. Source: World Health Organization, European Region. Health for All database; January 2013. Available at: http://data.euro.who.int/hfadb/ Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 13.6 Nordic countries, standardized death rate, cerebrovascular diseases, all ages per 100,000 population, 1970–2011. Note: EU = European Union. Source: World Health Organization, European Region. Health for All database; June 2013. Available at: http://data.euro.who.int/hfadb/ Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 13.7 Life expectancy at birth in years, Germany, the Netherlands, and European Union (EU), 1970–2005. Source: World Health Organization, European Region. Health for All database; November 2007. Available at: http://data.euro.who.int/hfadb/ Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 13.8 Standardized death rate, cerebrovascular diseases, all ages, per 100,000 population, Russia, European Union members, and Central Asian Republics (CARK), 1980–2010. Note: Three-year moving averages. Source: World Health Organization, European Region. Health for All database; 2013. Available at: http://data.euro.who.int/hfadb/ Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 13.9 Acute care hospital beds per 1000 population, Russia, European Union, and Central Asian Republics (CARK), 1980–2010. Source: World Health Organization, European Region. Health for All database; March 2013. Available at: http://data.euro.who.int/hfadb/ Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 13.10 Life expectancy at birth in years, Russia, European Union, and Central Asian Republics (CARK), 1970–2010. Source: World Health Organization, European Region. Health for All database; March 2013. Available at: http://data.euro.who.int/hfadb/ Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 13.11 Fertility rate, India, 1990–2009. Source: Office of Registrar General, India. Maternal and child mortality and fertility rates; 7 July 2011. Available at: http://censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Bulletins/MMR_release_070711.pdf [Accessed 16 April 2013]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 13.12 Under-five child mortality, rate per 1000 live births, India, 1990–2009. Source: Office of Registrar General, India. Maternal and child mortality and fertility rates; 7 July 2011. Available at: http://censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Bulletins/MMR_release_070711.pdf [Accessed 16 April 2013]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 13.13 Maternal mortality rates, India, trend 1999–2009. Note: EAG = Empowered Action Group states. Source: Office of Registrar General, India. Maternal and child mortality and fertility rates; 7 July 2011. Available at: http://censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Bulletins/MMR_release_070711.pdf [Accessed 16 April 2013]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.