Organic Compounds, Chemical Reactions, Acids, Bases, and the pH Scale

Organic compounds Contain Carbon in their structures. Usually many carbons are linked together to form a carbon backbone.

Carbohydrates Includes sugar and starch They are classified based on their size and solubility. can be: Monosaccharide- one sugar Disaccharide- two sugars Polysaccharide- many sugars

Lipids A.k.a. fats Insoluble in water. Allows for a long term way to store energy. Includes: Triglycerides phospholipids steroids Eicosaniods

Proteins Any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues. Includes: Amino acids Globular proteins Fibrous proteins

Enzymes Specialized proteins that facilitate a reaction. They can speed up or slow down a reaction. pH and temperature affect an enzyme’s function.

Chemical equations Chemicals reacting= reactants Chemicals formed= products Reactants  products A + B  AB

Types of chemical reactions Synthesis reaction- formation of new bonds. A + B  AB A and B were once separate atoms, but have now come together by forming a bond, creating molecule AB.

Decomposition Reactions Decomposition reaction- breaking of previous bonds. AB  A + B AB was once a single molecule. After a reaction occurs (like an enzyme splitting a larger molecule) A and B are now separate atoms.

Exchange Reactions Exchange reaction are a combination of synthesis and decomposition reaction. AB + C  AC +B AB + CD  AD + CB Old bonds between molecules are broken, and the new atoms exchange partners, forming new molecules.

Factors that influence chemical reactions Temperature Concentration Particle size Catalysts (enzymes)

Acids is traditionally considered any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a hydrogen ion activity greater than in pure water i.e. a pH less than 7.0 in its standard state pH: 0-6.9 Eaxmple of an acid: HCl

Bases Produces hydroxide ions in solution. (-OH-)= hydroxide pH= 7.1-14 Example of a base: NaOH

What is pH? pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Low pH= highly acidic High pH= highly basic

The pH scale

Polarity and Acidity What are the environmental risks associated with acids being polar and water being polar? Hint

Buffers Designed to prevent sharp changes in pH. Without them, if we ingest anything that has a pH difference from our own blood, we may accidently alter our pH too far and cause ourselves serious bodily harm, if not death.

Cohesion and adhesion forces

Cohesion the intermolecular attraction between like-molecules. In this definition, like= same Co=together!

Adhesion the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another. In this definition, dissimilar = different