Responses to the rise of the west Charlie Chaplin  Responses to the rise of the west Mr. Somogye – AP World History

The Challenge

Industrial revolution Increased manufacturing = need for new markets Increased manufacturing = need for raw materials Increased manufacturing = challenge to existing manufacturing centers (Middle East, India, etc.)

New Western ideas Capitalism The Enlightenment Nationalism Free enterprise Free market Free trade The Enlightenment Popular Sovereignty Representative Government Personal Freedoms Nationalism

Imperialism New tech. -steamships -underwater telegraph -quinine -breach loading rifles, and machine guns Nationalism -colonies as status symbol -Competition

The event

Ottoman: Napoleon invades Egypt Napoleon’s invasion in 1798 in Egypt was devastating. Ottoman empire had been losing centralized power to local warlords for some time Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and Rumania attain independence EXAMPLE of influence of Euro idea of NATIONALISM

China: Opium war

China: Opium war (1839-42 & 1856-58) 1st Opium War (‘39-’42) Brits sell lot opium China China = dangerous stop Euro merchants bribe 1836 emperor stops trade British declare war Force China to accept “Free Trade” Treaty of Nanjing = not = China must open 5 ports to Brits, respect trade 2nd Opium War Chinese officials arrest Chinese smugglers off a maybe Brit ship WAR Brits on the attack French and Russian join Ends, more ports open All countries get permanent presence UNEQUALTREATIES from these wars inhibit China industrialization

China: The Opium War Lin Zexu destroying opium. In the summer of 1839, Lin Zexu confiscated and destroyed 2.6 million pounds of opium. It took 500 laborers 22 days to destroy all of the opium.

China: Opium war

Japan: Arrival of Matthew Perry Not this guy  Japan had been extremely closed off to foreigners Commodore Matthew Perry forces his way on to Japan leads to Japan opening up to foreign influences and modernization

The response: Modernization

Aspects of Modernization Get rid of old institutions holding you back Modernize the military Improve infrastructure RAILROADS! May need foreign investment Industrialize Take advantage of natural resources! “Westernize” your government

Ottoman: Tanzimat Reforms Early reforms of Selim III (1789-1807) resisted by Janissaries Janissaries slaughtered by Mahmud II in 1826 Tanzimat Reforms Modernize military and bureaucracy University education focusing on math & science Western technology (telegraphs, railroads, etc.) Constitution of 1876 Industrialization slowed by climate, government monopolies, etc.

Egypt: Industrialization Reforms of Muhammad Ali Modernize the military Manufactured weapons Emphasize cotton production Financed by Britain bankers Built railroads Successors Suez Canal Led to British making Egypt a protectorate

Russia: Industrialization Emancipation of serfs Helped create urban labor force Modernize military Trans-Siberian railroad Count Witte (1892-1903) Promoted industry & banking Encouraged foreign investment Heavy Industry 4th in steel; 2nd in oil

China: Self-Strengthening movement Modernized the military Depended upon British and French investment Built railroads Mining and Textiles Government regulated Merchants given additional freedoms No major political or social reforms

Japan: Meiji Restoration Abolish feudal order Daimyo and samurai class abolished Constitutional government Constitution of 1889 Established constitutional monarchy with legislature Suffrage limited—only 5% could vote in 1890

Japan: Industrialization Japanese industrialization Modernize the military, infrastructure, communication, education, etc. Zaibatsu Combination of state initiative and private investment Consolidates economic power into the hands of a few powerful families Vertical monopolies Mitsubishi and Mitsui Many companies started by men of samurai origins

Japanese Economic Growth

Mexico: la Reforma Started by Benito Juarez (1858-1872) Tried to limit power of landowners and Catholic church New liberal constitution Attempts at land reform fail 50% of rural population landless by 1910 Larger gap between creoles and mestizos/natives

Mexico: Industrialization Porfirio Diaz (1876-1910) Built railroads Integrates regional economy Improved banking system Focused on oil & mining Depended on foreign investment U.S. investment 30 million pesos in 1885 1 billion pesos in 1910

Additional Reactions to Challenges & Responses

Ottoman & Egyptian Reactions Conservatives Janissaries Abdul Hamid Ulama and Qadis Nationalists Young Turks Religious Movements Madhist Revolt Millenarianism

Russian Reactions Conservatives Liberals Radicals Kulaks (land owners) Certain tsars Liberals Intelligentsia Radicals Anarchists Socialists & Communists Bolshevik Party

Chinese Reactions Conservatives Religious Movements Scholar-gentry Dowager Empress Cixi Religious Movements Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) Caused by a myriad of problems Natural disasters, economic collapse, government corruption and the defeat in the Opium War, growing Anti-Manchu sentiment, etc. Led by Hong Xiuquan

Taiping Rebellion Hong Xiuquan’s army was able to seize 44 Chinese cities including the Southern capital of Nanjing ( above)

Chinese Reactions Nationalism Boxer Rebellion (1898-1901) Anti-Imperialist movement Backed by Qing government Put down by Western powers Nationalist Party Led by Sun Yatsen Modeled after Western ideas Liberal government Nation-state Social Reforms

Mexico Conservatives Radicals European intervention Catholic Church Maximilian von Hapsburg Catholic Church Threaten to excommunicate anyone who follows La Reforma Landowners Radicals Middle class called for electoral reform Poor (mostly natives) form general uprising