Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Recent Advances in the Targeted Therapy Era  Giuseppe Di Lorenzo, Riccardo Autorino, Cora N. Sternberg  European Urology  Volume 56, Issue 6, Pages 959-971 (December 2009) DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.09.002 Copyright © 2009 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Biologic agents and their targets in metastatic renal cell cancer. VHL=von Hippel-Lindau; HIF=hypoxia-inducible factor; mTOR=mammalian target of rapamycin; VEGF=vascular endothelial growth factor; PDGF=platelet-derived growth factor; TGF-α=tumour growth factor-alfa; VEGFR=vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; PDGFR=platelet-derived growth factor receptor; EGFR=epidermal growth factor; HGF=hepatocyte growth factor. European Urology 2009 56, 959-971DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2009.09.002) Copyright © 2009 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Management of cardiotoxicity following sunitinib treatment. HP=hypertension; pt=patient; CHF=cardiac heart failure. European Urology 2009 56, 959-971DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2009.09.002) Copyright © 2009 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre criteria. Absence of those criteria indicates good prognosis; presence of one or two criteria indicates intermediate prognosis; presence of three or more criteria indicates poor prognosis (presence of more than three criteria is a predictor of short survival). LDH=lactate dehydrogenase; PS=performance status. European Urology 2009 56, 959-971DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2009.09.002) Copyright © 2009 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Treatment algorithm in metastatic renal cell cancer. IFN=interferon; IL-2=interleukin-2; VEGFR=vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; TKI=tyrosine kinase inhibitor. European Urology 2009 56, 959-971DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2009.09.002) Copyright © 2009 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Most important ongoing phase 3 trials in renal cell cancer. PFS=progression-free survival; OS=overall survival; QoL=quality of life; RR=response rate; DFS=disease-free survival. European Urology 2009 56, 959-971DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2009.09.002) Copyright © 2009 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions