Vaccines
Overview What are vaccines Concept of drug and vaccines Vaccination and immunization concept Imunity and its types Immune responses produced by vaccines Vaccines timeline Vaccine production methods Vaccine types and Diseases preventable by vaccines Vaccine modifications Routes of administration Reverse vaccinology Safety concerns about vaccination
Overview Vaccine trials Potential Shortcomings of Vaccines Vaccine effectiveness and failures Vaccine approval
What are vaccines? stimulate the immune system VACCINOLOGY
Concept of drug and vaccines
Concept of drug and vaccines Kill invaders or foreign pathogens Inhibit the growth of pathogens Patients therapeutic
Concept of drug and vaccines Concept of Vaccine Generate memory cells Prophylactic or therapeutic
Vaccination and immunization +
Immunity Adaptive Immunity Natural Passive (maternal) Active (infection) Artificial (antibody transfer) (immunization) Innate Immunity
ACTIVE VACCINE Stimulates Humoral Immune Response, Cellular Immune Response or Both the aim of protecting against or eliminating a pathogen
Humoral
Vaccines timeline 18th century Edward Jenner 1796----- observed 1798----- introduced the practice of vaccinations First vaccine ever developed
Vaccines timeline 19th century 1853---- vaccination act UK Compulsory childhood vaccination First vaccines for cholera, rabies, tetanus, typhoid fever, bubonic plague
Vaccines timeline 20th century diphtheria, tuberculosis, whooping cough, yellow fever, typhus, influenza, Japanese encephalitis, anthrax, polio, measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae), meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis), hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type b (HiB), hepatitis A, Lyme disease
1950 1967 1969 Vaccines timeline Inactivated polio vaccine Mumps vaccine 1967 Rubella vaccine 1969
Vaccines timeline Last indigenous case of smallpox (Somalia). 1977 Smallpox declared eradicated from the world. 1980
Vaccines timeline 1982 ---- Hepatitis B vaccine becomes available. 1986 ---- The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act established
Vaccines timeline 1988 ---- Worldwide Polio Eradication Initiative launched; supported by WHO, UNICEF, CDC and others.
Vaccines timeline 1990 ----- The Vaccine Adverse Reporting System (VAERS), a national program monitoring the safety of vaccines established.
Vaccines timeline 1990 ---- Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) polysaccharide conjugate vaccine licensed for infants. 1991 ---- Hepatitis B vaccine was recommended for all infants
Vaccines timeline 1994 ---- Polio elimination certified in the USA. 1994 ---- Vaccines for Children(VFC) program established to provide access to free vaccines for eligible children at the site of their usual source of care. 1995 ---- Hepatitis A vaccine licensed
Vaccines timeline 1998 ---- First rotavirus vaccine licensed. 1999 ---- Rotavirus vaccine withdrawn from the market as a result of adverse events FDA recommends removing mercury from all products, including vaccines
Vaccines timeline 21st century 2000 ---- Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine recommended for all young children. Worldwide measles initiative launched
Vaccines timeline 2001 ---- September 11 results in increased concern of bioterrorism.
Vaccines timeline 2003 ---- Measles declared no longer endemic in the USA. First live attenuated influenza vaccine licensed 2004 ---- Inactivated influenza vaccine recommended 2005 ---- Rubella declared no longer endemic in the United States.
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