Chapter 7 Memory The 3-3’s of Memory 3 Kinds of Memory Memory—the process by which information is encoded, stored and retrieved. The 3-3’s of Memory 3 Kinds of Memory 3 Processes of Memory 3 Stages of Memory

Section 1 The Three Kinds of Memory Episodic memory Semantic memory Implicit memory

Episodic Memory The memory of a specific event. Flashbulb memories-clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events

Semantic Memory A Memory of general knowledge and information Usually do not remember when information was acquired.

Implicit Memory A memory that consists of the skills and procedures one has learned. Ex. Riding a bike Throwing ball Stays with you for a very long time

The Three Processes of Memory Encoding Storage Retrieval

Encoding Translating for storage First stage of processing information. Received in physical form Stimulation is converted into mental representations. To do so, we use different types of codes: Visual, Acoustic, and Semantic.

Visual Codes Involves forming a mental picture in your mind.

Acoustic Codes Read the information to yourself and repeat it several times. Visual vs. Acoustic?

Semantic Codes OTTFFSSENT “relating to Meaning” Trying to make sense of the information. Semantic codes help memorize lists of letters and other items more easily. OTTFFSSENT

Storage The maintenance of encoding information over time. People who want to store new information in their memory use a variety of strategies.

Storage Strategies Maintenance Rehearsal Elaborative Rehearsal Organizational Systems Filing Errors?

Retrieval Locating stored information and returning it to consciousness. The process of recalling information from memory storage. Some information is so familiar that it is readily available and almost impossible to forget. The method of retrieval might be the same as the way information is encoded.

Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon Retrieval by Encoding State-Dependent Memory Context-Dependent Memories Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon

The Three Stages of Memory Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory

The first stage of memory. Sensory Memory The first stage of memory. Sensory Registers. Iconic Memory Eidetic Memory Echoic Memory

Short-Term Memory Memory that holds information briefly until it is stored or forgotten. Short-Term Memory=Working Memory Information in short-term memory begins to fade rapidly after several seconds.

Short-Term Vocab. Primacy effect Recency effect Chunking 2 7 5 0 6 9 5 275-0695 Interference

Long-Term Memory Large and relatively permanent Storage. Maintenance rehearsal/elaborative rehearsal. Capacity of Memory Memory as Reconstructive Schemas

Section 4 Forgetting and Memory Improvement Basic Memory Tasks Different Kinds of Forgetting Repression Amnesia Improving Memory

Three basic memory tasks: 1. Recognition- Example: Multiple choice 2. Recall- Example: Short answer question 3. Relearning- Example: spontaneous recovery

Different kinds of Forgetting Interference-the process that occurs when new information disrupts what has been placed in memory. Decay-the fading away of memory. Both decay and interference are part of normal forgetting

Repression Freudian defense mechanism. Forgetting on purpose at the unconscious level. Pushing memory out of consciousness to protect ones self against the damaging affect of the memory.

Amnesia Severe memory loss caused by brain injury, shock, fatigue, illness, or repression.

Types of Amnesia Dissociate Amnesia Infantile Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia Retrograde Amnesia

Improving Memory Drill and Practice Form unusual Associations Relate to things you already know Form unusual Associations Construct links Mnemonic devices