Valley Forge: Would you have quit? ID Question Tuesday 11/8/2011 Valley Forge: Would you have quit?

Put in the Class work Section of your Binder Umbrella Question What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? Put in the Class work Section of your Binder

Put in the Class work Section of your Binder Creating a Republic 1776–1790 A Loose Confederation The Constitutional Convention Ideas Behind the Constitution Ratification and the Bill of Rights Put in the Class work Section of your Binder

A Loose Confederation- what to listen for! Why did state governments write constitutions? What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? What process did the Articles create for admitting new states? Why did many Americans call for changes in the Articles?

Most States Wrote Constitutions Reasons for a written constitution: would spell out the rights of all citizens would limit the power of government

The Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation—first American constitution; created a loose alliance of independent states Congress could: declare war appoint military officers coin money take care of foreign affairs

Does anyone see a problem with this?

Congress’s powers were limited: 9 states had to approve a law before it could go into effect Congress could not regulate trade Had NO POWER to tax; had to ask the states for money; states could not be forced to contribute There was no president to execute, or carry out, the laws There were no courts to settle conflicts

Why were congress’s powers so limited? What did they fear?

Too much POWER!!!

Weaknesses of the Confederation Conflicts between states The central government did not have power to resolve such conflicts.

Weaknesses of the Confederation Money problems The central government did not have power to raise taxes. States often refused to contribute money. The government could not pay its debts.

Section 1 Assessment Warm-Up Put in your ISN Under the Articles of Confederation, a) the President had the power to conduct foreign affairs. b) Congress passed tax laws that were a burden on farmers. the central government was too weak to enforce the laws passed by Congress. d) the approval of all 13 states was needed to pass a law. What was a major accomplishment of the Northwest Ordinance? a) It provided a way to admit new states to the nation. b) It settled disputes between the states over claims to western lands. c) It demanded that the British remove troops from the Ohio Valley. d) It set up a survey system for the Northwest Territory.

Section 1 Assessment Under the Articles of Confederation, a) the President had the power to conduct foreign affairs. b) Congress passed tax laws that were a burden on farmers. c) the central government was too weak to enforce the laws passed by Congress. d) the approval of all 13 states was needed to pass a law. What was a major accomplishment of the Northwest Ordinance? a) It provided a way to admit new states to the nation. b) It settled disputes between the states over claims to western lands. c) It demanded that the British remove troops from the Ohio Valley. d) It set up a survey system for the Northwest Territory.

Money Problems Cont… Continental Congress had printed paper currency, or money. However it had little value because it was not backed by gold or silver. Each state printed its own money, which caused confusion.

Weaknesses of the Confederation Foreign countries took advantage of the confederation Britain refused to pull troops from the Ohio Valley. Spain closed the port of New Orleans to Americans.

How Congress Admitted New States to the Union Land Ordinance of 1785 set up a survey system that divided the land into townships and sections set aside land to support public schools Northwest Ordinance of 1787 set up a government for the Northwest Territory guaranteed basic rights to settlers outlawed slavery in the territory provided for the region to be divided into separate territories; once a territory had 60,000 free settlers, it could ask Congress to be admitted as a new state, equal to the original states

Land Ordinance of 1785

Why Americans Called for a Change in the Articles The nation suffered a depression—a period when business activity slows, prices and wages fall, and unemployment rises. Massachusetts raised taxes, and the courts seized the farms of those who could not pay. Many farmers took part in Shays’ Rebellion, led by Daniel Shays. They attacked courthouses and kept officials from seizing farms. Many Americans saw Shays’ Rebellion as a sign that the Articles of Confederation did not work.

Draw a Chart: Draw pictures to represent the two categories Put in your ISN Powers of the Articles of Confederation Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

Put in the Class work Section of your Binder Umbrella Question What compromises did the delegates have to reach before the Constitution could be signed? Put in the Class work Section of your Binder

Get with your groups from yesterday. Finish you slogan and poster Get with your groups from yesterday. Finish you slogan and poster. You have 20 minutes to work.

It’s ALL about Compromise Put in the Class Work section of your Binder!

The Constitutional Convention Who were the leading delegates to the Constitutional Convention? What were the main differences between the two rival plans for the new Constitution? What compromises did the delegates have to reach before the Constitution could be signed?

Leading Delegates to the Convention When the Constitutional Convention met on May 25, 1787, to consider a new system of government, every state except Rhode Island sent representatives. Revolutionary Leaders: Benjamin Franklin oldest delegate signed Declaration of Independence George Washington president of convention New Generation: Alexander Hamilton wanted strong central government James Madison ideas on democratic government influenced others “Father of the Constitution”

The Virginia Plan Proposed by Edmond Randolph and James Madison

The Virginia Plan Proposed by Edmond Randolph and James Madison Provided for a strong national government

The Virginia Plan Proposed by Edmond Randolph and James Madison Provided for a strong national government Three branches of government Executive (carries out laws) Judicial (interprets laws) Legislative (makes laws)

The Virginia Plan Proposed by Edmond Randolph and James Madison Provided for a strong national government Three branches of government Executive (carries out laws) Judicial (interprets laws) Legislative (makes laws) (two houses) House of Representatives (lower house) Senate (upper house) Seats in legislative branch are based on a state’s population

The Virginia Plan Proposed by Edmond Randolph and James Madison Provided for a strong national government Three branches of government Executive (carries out laws) Judicial (interprets laws) Legislative (makes laws) (two houses) House of Representatives (lower house) Senate (upper house) Seats in legislative branch are based on a state’s population Large states have more representatives than smaller states

The New Jersey Plan Proposed by William Patterson

The New Jersey Plan Proposed by William Patterson Provided for a strong national government

The New Jersey Plan Proposed by William Patterson Provided for a strong national government Three branches of government

The New Jersey Plan Proposed by William Patterson Provided for a strong national government Three branches of government Executive (carries out laws) Judicial (interprets laws) Legislative (makes laws)

The New Jersey Plan Proposed by William Patterson Provided for a strong national government Three branches of government Executive (carries out laws) Judicial (interprets laws) Legislative (makes laws) (one house)

The New Jersey Plan Proposed by William Patterson Provided for a strong national government Three branches of government Executive (carries out laws) Judicial (interprets laws) Legislative (makes laws) (one house) Each state gets one vote, regardless of population

_____ Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Proposed by Supported by Strong national government with __ branches. Government with ________ branches _____ Legislative branch—_____houses Seats awarded on basis of_____________. Larger states would have (more or less) representatives than smaller states. Legislative branch—one house Each state gets _____ vote. Small states and big states would have equal representation.

The Delegates Compromised Compromise—a settlement in which each side gives up some demands in order to reach an agreement. Great Compromise Large states wanted: 2 houses of Congress Determined by state’s population. Small states wanted: 1 house of Congress Each state to have 2 senators. With your partner create a compromise which would make BOTH the large population and small population states happy!

The Great Compromise The compromise a two-house legislature.

The Great Compromise The compromise a two-house legislature. Members of the lower house—the House of Representatives— would be elected by popular vote. Seats would be awarded according to population.

The Great Compromise The compromise a two-house legislature. Members of the lower house—the House of Representatives— would be elected by popular vote. Seats would be awarded according to population. Members of the upper house—the Senate—would be chosen by state legislatures. Each state would have two senators.

The Great Compromise Upper House Senate Lower House House of Representatives

The U. S. Census As part of the Great Compromise, a census would be taken every ten years to determine how many people lived in each state. The results of the census would be used to determine the number of representatives each state would have in the House of Representatives. States that gained in population during the ten year period would gain representatives; states that lost population would lose representatives.

How should slaves be counted in the new government? Are slaves people? Are slaves property? Who would consider slaves to be people in the new government? North/South? Why? Who would consider slaves to be property in the new government? North/South? Why? WRITE DOWN YOUR ANSWERS IN YOUR BINDER

Comparative Population Counts for Southern States, 1790 According to the graph, who would benefit from counting slaves as population?

Quotes from the North “Blacks are property and are used to the southward as horses and cattle to the northward” –Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts If slaves were to be counted as people in determining representation in Congress, said Gouverneur Morris of Pennsylvania, “then make them citizens and let them vote”

How should slaves be counted in the new government? Are slaves people? Are slaves property? Who would consider slaves to be people in the new government? North/South? Why? Who would consider slaves to be property in the new government? North/South? Why?

Issue 2: Should slaves be counted as part of a state’s population? Option A: Count slaves as property to be taxed like other property. Option B: Count slaves as people to determine representation in Congress Option C: Count slaves as both people from representation in Congress and property for taxation. Option D: Do not count slaves as either people for representation or as property for taxation.

Get out a clean sheet of paper Write this title at the top of the page: “The Three-Fifths Compromise”

Create this chart in your notes Northerners Southerners The compromise -

The Delegates Compromised Northerners Objected, since slaves could not vote, they should not be counted. Slaves are treated like property in the south so they should have to pay tax on them. Southerners The compromise -

The Delegates Compromised Northerners Objected, since slaves could not vote, they should not be counted. Slaves are treated like property in the south so they should have to pay tax on them. Southerners wanted to include slaves in the population count to determine seats in the House, even though they could not vote. The compromise -

The Delegates Compromised Northerners Objected, since slaves could not vote, they should not be counted. Slaves are treated like property in the south so they should have to pay tax on them. Southerners wanted to include slaves in the population count to determine seats in the House, even though they could not vote. The compromise - Three fifths (3/5) of the slaves in any state would be counted.

On the same page, write a second title “The Slave Trade Compromise”

Create a chart like this. Northerners Southerners The compromise -

The Slave Trade Northerners Southerners wanted to ban the international slave trade from Africa. Southerners The compromise -

The Slave Trade Northerners Southerners wanted to ban the international slave trade from Africa. Southerners said a ban on the slave trade would ruin their economy. The compromise -

The Slave Trade Northerners Southerners wanted to ban the slave trade. said a ban on the slave trade would ruin their economy. The compromise - Congress would not outlaw the international slave trade for at least 20 years. After that, Congress could regulate the slave trade. Meanwhile, no state could stop a fugitive slave from being returned.

Discuss with your partner: What do you think about counting slaves as 3/5th of a person? Why do you think they decided to wait 20 years before revisiting the issue of slavery?

Section 2 Assessment In the Great Compromise the delegates decided Congress would have a) two houses, one where each state had two senators and one with seats awarded according to state populations. b) one house, in which each state had one vote. c) two houses, both with seats awarded according to state populations. d) one house, in which seats are awarded according to state populations. What did the Constitutional Convention decide to do about the slave trade in the United States? a) ban the slave trade in the entire nation b) do nothing c) allow each state to decide forever for itself d) say Congress could not outlaw the slave trade for 20 years, then could reconsider

Section 2 Assessment In the Great Compromise the delegates decided Congress would have a) two houses, one where each state had two senators and one with seats awarded according to state populations. b) one house, in which each state had one vote. c) two houses, both with seats awarded according to state populations. d) one house, in which seats are awarded according to state populations. What did the Constitutional Convention decide to do about the slave trade in the United States? a) ban the slave trade in the entire nation b) do nothing c) allow each state to decide forever for itself d) say Congress could not outlaw the slave trade for 20 years, then could reconsider

Essay Rough Draft Umbrella Question: What compromises did the delegates have to reach before the Constitution could be signed? Using your notes, write a rough draft or an outline of the 3 paragraphs for your essay question. There are 3 main compromises therefore there should be 3 main paragraphs. Create a STRONG thesis for your essay!

Ideas Behind the Constitution What did American leaders learn from studying ancient Rome? What traditions of freedom did Americans inherit from Great Britain and from their own colonial past? How did Enlightenment ideas shape the development of the Constitution?

What the Founding Fathers Learned From Ancient Rome They admired the Roman Republic. They created a republic, a government in which citizens rule themselves through elected representatives. They admired Roman citizens who served the republic out of a sense of public service.

What the Founding Fathers Learned From Ancient Rome They saw the collapse of Rome’s republic as a warning. They wanted to avoid a dictatorship, a government in which one person or small group holds complete authority.

British Traditions of Freedom Magna Carta English monarchs themselves had to obey the law. For example, the king could not raise taxes without consulting the Great Council. English nobles—and later, other people—had rights, including rights to property and the right to trial by jury.

British Traditions of Freedom English Bill of Rights It stated that parliamentary elections should be held regularly. It upheld the right to trial by jury. It allowed citizens to bear arms. It affirmed the right of habeas corpus, the idea that no person could be held without being charged with a specific crime.

The American Experience Traditions of Freedom The American Experience Constitutional Tradition Mayflower Compact, the first document of self-government in North America written colonial charters Revolutionary Era memory of grievances against the English king, expressed in the Declaration of Independence experience of the Second Continental Congress experience with the Articles of Confederation experience with state governments and state constitutions

Teachings of the Enlightenment Traditions of Freedom Teachings of the Enlightenment John Locke Two Treatises of Government All people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Government is an agreement between ruler and ruled. The ruler must enforce the laws and protect the people. If a ruler violates the people’s natural rights, the people have a right to rebel.

Teachings of the Enlightenment Baron de Montesquieu The Spirit of the Laws The powers of government should be clearly defined. There should be a separation of powers, that is, the powers of government should be divided up among branches of government so no person or group gains too much power. A government should have three separate branches—legislative, executive, and judicial.

Section 3 Assessment A republic is a kind of government where a) one person or group holds complete authority. b) military power is placed above civilian authority. c) citizens rule themselves through elected representatives. d) all citizens vote on all the laws. “Separation of powers” means that a) the powers of government should be clearly defined and divided up among different branches of government. b) the powers of government are decided by the legislative branch and approved by the judicial branch. c) no person shall be held in jail without first being charged. d) the Founding Fathers worked separately from each other to suggest plans for a government.

Section 3 Assessment A republic is a kind of government where a) one person or group holds complete authority. b) military power is placed above civilian authority. c) citizens rule themselves through elected representatives. d) all citizens vote on all the laws. “Separation of powers” means that a) the powers of government should be clearly defined and divided up among different branches of government. b) the powers of government are decided by the legislative branch and approved by the judicial branch. c) no person shall be held in jail without first being charged. d) the Founding Fathers worked separately from each other to suggest plans for a government.

1. What vocabulary word is the quote describing? Warm-Up 12-03-2009 DO NOT copy the quote, just copy the questions and answers onto page 54 of your ISN. “There is no liberty, if the judiciary power be not separated from the legislative and executive. Were it joined… to the executive power, the judge might behave with violence and oppression. There would be an end of everything, were the same man or the same body, whether of the nobles or of the people, to exercise those three powers, that of enacting laws, and of trying the causes of individuals.” -Baron de Montesquieu 1. What vocabulary word is the quote describing? 2. What does Montesquieu say would result if judges also had the power to make and carry out laws?

Ratification and the Bill of Rights What were the key issues in the debate between the Federalists and the Antifederalists? How was the Constitution finally ratified? How was the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution?

Key Issues in the Debate Between Federalists and Antifederalists for a strong federal, or national, government. The Constitution gave the national government enough power to function effectively. Antifederalists against the Constitution. The Constitution made the national government too strong. The Constitution made the states too weak.

Key Issues in the Debate Between Federalists and Antifederalists The Constitution still protected the rights and powers of the states. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay wrote a series of essays—The Federalist Papers—to explain and defend the Constitution. Antifederalists Patrick Henry gave a speech saying that, under the Constitution, the President had too much power and that someday a President might try to become king.

Key Issues in the Debate Between Federalists and Antifederalists The Constitution already protected the rights of citizens well enough. Antifederalists The Constitution had no bill of rights to protect natural rights, such as freedom of speech and religion.

Key Issues in the Debate Between Federalists and Antifederalists for a strong federal, or national, government. The Constitution gave the national government enough power to function effectively. The Constitution still protected the rights and powers of the states. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay wrote a series of essays—The Federalist Papers—to explain and defend the Constitution. The Constitution already protected the rights of citizens well enough. Antifederalists against the Constitution. The Constitution made the national government too strong. The Constitution made the states too weak. Patrick Henry gave a speech saying that, under the Constitution, the President had too much power and that someday a President might try to become king. The Constitution had no bill of rights to protect natural rights, such as freedom of speech and religion.

Draw a picture Draw a picture or something that symbolizes of a Federalist Draw a picture or something that symbolizes an Anti-Federalist

After Much Debate, the Constitution Was Finally Ratified December 1787 Delaware was the first to ratify. Pennsylvania and New Jersey soon followed. February 1788 Sam Adams and John Hancock convinced the Massachusetts convention to recommend adding a bill of rights to the Constitution. Massachusetts became the sixth state to ratify. June 1788 When New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the Constitution, the new government could go into effect. Still, the largest states—New York and Virginia—had not yet ratified the plan. Virginia voted to ratify the Constitution when the Federalists promised to support a bill of rights. July 1788 In New York the struggle between Federalists and Antifederalists went on until July. November 1789 North Carolina May 1790 Rhode Island became the last state to ratify.

A Bill of Rights Was Added The first election under the Constitution for President and members of Congress was held in January 1789. The first Congress met in New York City. Congress turned its attention to a bill of rights. To amend, or change, the Constitution, Congress followed the process established in the Constitution. Congress proposed twelve amendments. The amendments went to the states for their approval. By December 1791, three fourths of the states had ratified 10 of the 12 amendments. These 10 amendments became known as the Bill of Rights.

The Constitution The second American constitution; a true union of states committed to working together

The Constitution The second American constitution; a true union of states committed to working together Strong central/national government has power divided amongst three branches

The Constitution The second American constitution; a true union of states committed to working together Strong central/national government has power divided amongst three branches A 2-house legislative branch A president A federal judiciary

The Constitution The second American constitution; a true union of states committed to working together Strong central/national government has power divided amongst three branches A 2-house legislative branch A president A federal judiciary A Bill of Rights

The Writing of the Constitution Causes Articles of Confederation creates weak national government Trade and money problems arise between states Foreign nations take advantage of weak government Shays’ Rebellion breaks out Convention meets to revise Articles of Confederation The Writing of the Constitution Effects New government includes President and two-house legislature Power is divided between national and state governments Compromises allow slavery to continue States debate and ratify Constitution Bill of Rights is added Effects Today United States is world’s oldest continuing constitutional democracy Debate about federal versus state power continues Amendments extend rights to more citizens New democracies look to the Constitution as a model

Section 4 Assessment One issue the Federalists and Antifederalists argued over was a) how to amend the Constitution and add a bill of rights. b) where the nation’s first capital should be. c) how many states had to ratify the Constitution before it could go into effect. d) whether the Constitution made the central government too strong. Antifederalists fought to add a bill of rights to the Constitution in order to a) provide a process for amending the Constitution. b) protect the people’s natural rights. c) explain the political theory behind the American system of government. d) make it less difficult for the government to function.

Section 4 Assessment One issue the Federalists and Antifederalists argued over was a) how to amend the Constitution and add a bill of rights. b) where the nation’s first capital should be. c) how many states had to ratify the Constitution before it could go into effect. d) whether the Constitution made the central government too strong. Antifederalists fought to add a bill of rights to the Constitution in order to a) provide a process for amending the Constitution. b) protect the people’s natural rights. c) explain the political theory behind the American system of government. d) make it less difficult for the government to function.

Rival Plans for the New Constitution Virginia Plan Purposed by Edmund Randolph and James Madison of Virginia New Jersey Plan Purposed by William Paterson of New Jersey Supported by large states Supported by small states Strong national government with three branches. legislative branch—passes laws executive branch—carries out laws judicial branch—courts would decide if laws were carried out fairly Legislative branch—two houses Seats awarded on basis of population. Larger states would have more representatives than smaller states. Legislative branch—one house Each state gets one vote. Small states and big states would have equal representation.