Chapter 20 The Eighteenth & Nineteenth Centuries Three events mark the beginning of the Modern Age: 1. 1760: Beginning of Industrial Revolution in Britain 2. 1775: American Revolution 3. 1789: French Revolution Late 18th century is referred to as the Age of Reason or the Age of Enlightenment

Characteristics of the Age of Reason More rational and scientific approach to religious, political, social and economic issues Democracy and secular concerns are emphasized Liberty, self-determination & the idea of progress are embraced Growing influence of the early versions of the camera (daguerreotype introduced in 1839)

Realism Mid to late 19th century, artists moved away from idealizing & romanticizing the world around them A style of art and literature that depicted ordinary existence without nostalgia or glorification Art should deal with human experience and observation Major artists were Gustave Courbet and Honore Daumier and Rosa Bonheur

1855 “Pavillion of Realism” at the Universal Exposition “Painting is an essentially concrete art and can only consist of the presentation of real and existing things.” 1855 “Pavillion of Realism” at the Universal Exposition Source/Museum: Musée d'Orsay, Paris. RMN Reunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY. Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 10 ft 3 ½ in. x 21 ft. 9 in. Title: Burial at Ornans Artist: Gustave Courbet Date: 1849

Title: Fight between Schools, Idealism and Realism Artist: Honoré Daumier Date: 1855 Source/Museum: Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany. Medium: n/a Size: n/a

Rosa Bonheur was one of few female artists; highly successful as landscape painter Commissioned in response to French Revolution of 1848; painters must represent the reality of their time and place Source/Museum: Musée d'Orsay, Paris. Gerard Blot/Reunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY. Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 5 ft. 9 in. x 8 ft. 8 in. Title: Plowing in the Nivernais Artist: Rosa Bonheur Date: 1849

Edouard Manet serves as the “bridge” from Realism to the next style of art, Impressionism Edouard Manet, Luncheon on the Grass, 1863 7ft x 10ft

Charles Baudelaire’s writings reflected artistic intent among Realists. “Il faut etre de son temps” (It’s necessary to be of one’s own time.) The role of painting was to reflect Modern life- not the past, but the present

Edouard Manet breaks from tradition by abandoning the use of glazing, applying paint in a more abstract manner and by abandoning a strict use of linear perspective The male figures represent the new bourgeois class and life in 19th century Paris Edouard Manet, Luncheon on the Grass, 1863 7ft x 10ft

Marcantonio Raimondi. The Judgment of Paris (detail). c. 1488–1530. Luncheon on the Grass is based on this composition, originally created by Raphael Manet did embrace, respect Masters from the past and wanted to reconcile tradition with a new style of art Marcantonio Raimondi. The Judgment of Paris (detail). c. 1488–1530. Clipped impression, Plate line 11 5⁄8 x 17 1⁄4 in. After Raphael’s composition

Edouard Manet Source/Museum: Musée d'Orsay, Paris. RMN Reunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY. © 2007 Edouard Manet/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 51 x 74 ¾ in. Title: Olympia Artist: Edouard Manet Date: 1863

Impressionism Peaked between 1870 and 1880 Favored visual and formal issues over telling a story First painters to work outdoors (plein aire) Selected specific subject matter that reflected leisure activities of middle class (bourgeois) Sought to capture atmospheric effects of light and color Major artists included: Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, August Renoir, and Berthe Morisot

Exhibited as a group in April 1874 Wet on Wet painting technique Reflect spontaneity of Impressionismlike a snapshot Title: Impression-Sunrise Artist: Claude Monet Date: 1872 Source/Museum: Musée Marmottan, Paris. Bridgeman Art Library, International Ltd. Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 19 ½ x 25 ½ in.

Degas uses implied lines and diagonals as well as areas of contrast to compose his image His greater interest is in these formal elements rather than his subject Title: The Glass of Absinthe Artist: Edgar Degas Date: 1876 Source/Museum: Musée d'Orsay, Paris. Scala/Art Resource, NY. Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 36 x 27 in.

Title: La Moulin de la Galette Artist: Auguste Renoir Date: 1876 Source/Museum: Musée d'Orsay, Paris. © Bridgeman-GiraudonArt Resource, NY. Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 51 ½ x 69 in.

Independents Exhibition of 1874 Title: Reading Artist: Berthe Morisot Date: 1873 Source/Museum: © 1999 The Cleveland Museum of Art. Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1950.89. Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 17 ¾ x 28 ½ in.

Post Impressionism Brief period after 1880 Artists were influenced by Impressionists’ ideas, but sought to give greater symbolic form to their feelings; they distorted visual elements such as color, to achieve a more expressive and personal style of painting Artists included Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cezanne, George Seurat and Paul Gauguin

Source/Museum: Art Institute of Chicago Source/Museum: Art Institute of Chicago. Helen Birch Bartlett Memorial Collection, 1926.198. Photo © 2007 Art Institute of Chicago. All rights reserved. Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 26 ⅞ x 36 1/8 in. Title: The Day of the God (Mehana no Atual) Artist: Paul Gauguin Date: 1894

Subject matter represents “lower” class, beneath Bourgeois Abandon’s traditional technique of glazing and uses “new” technique for applying paint, pointillism Subject matter represents “lower” class, beneath Bourgeois Source/Museum: The National Gallery, London. Reproduced by courtesy of the Trustees. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York. Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 79 ½ x 118 ½ in. Title: The Bathers Artist: Georges Seurat Date: 1883-1884

Van Gogh was self taught Uses color and line in a highly personally expressive manner Highly abstract image to symbolize inner feelings Source/Museum: The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Acquired through the Lillie P. Bliss Bequest. Photo © The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by Scala/Art Resource, New York. Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 29 x 36 ¼ in. Title: The Starry Night Artist: Vincent van Gogh Date: 1889

Night Café, 1888 oil on canvas 28x36” Yale University Art Gallery

No use of linear perspective Cezanne more interested in “formal” issues of painting, especially application of paint and balance of warm and cool colors No use of linear perspective Rhythmic brushstrokes give painting sense of structure and abstract form Source/Museum: Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Gift of Adele R. Levy Fund, Inc., and Mr. and Mrs. Armand S. Deutsch, M.61.1. Photo © 2005 Museum Associates/LACMA. Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 19 ¾ x 24 in. Title: Still Life with Cherries and Peaches Artist: Paul Cézanne Date: 1885-1887

Source/Museum: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. H. O Source/Museum: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. H. O. Havemeyer Collection. Bequest of Mrs. H. O. Havemeyer, 1929 (29.100.65). Photo © 1984 Metropolitan Museum of Art. Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 25 ¾ x 32 1/8 in. Title: Mont Sainte-Victoire, and the Viaduct of the Arc River Valley Artist: Paul Cézanne Date: 1882-1885

Source/Museum: Philadelphia Museum of Art. Purchased with the W. P Source/Museum: Philadelphia Museum of Art. Purchased with the W. P. Wilstach Fund, W 1937-1-1. Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 82 x 99 in. Title: The Large Bathers Artist: Paul Cézanne Date: 1906

PAUL CÉZANNE French, 1839 - 1906 Madame Cézanne in Blue 1888–90 Oil on canvas 29 3/16 x 24 inches