Project 1.2.3: Student Data Sheet

SEX DETERMINATION The most valuable bones in sex determination are the pelvis and the skull, although the femur, tibia and the humerus provide unique measurements that often assist in determining identity. Once you have determined your result for each trait, circle or highlight male or female on the data sheet.

Pelvis (sex) Trait Result Female Male Sub-Pubic Angle   > 90° 90°

Pelvis (sex) Trait Result Female Male Pubis Body Width ~ 40 mm   ~ 40 mm 25-30 mm

Pelvis (sex) Trait Result Female Male Greater Sciatic Notch > 68°   > 68° < 68°

Pelvis (sex) Sacrum Coccyx Male Female Trait Result Female Male Pelvic Cavity Shape   Circular and wide, showing mainly coccyx Heart-shaped, showing sacrum and coccyx Sacrum Coccyx Male Female

Skull (sex) Square Round Trait Result Female Male Upper Edge of Eye Orbit   Sharp Blunt Shape of Eye Orbit Round Square Square Round

Skull (sex) External auditory meatus Trait Result Female Male Zygomatic Process   Not expressed beyond external auditory meatus Expressed beyond external auditory meatus External auditory meatus

Skull (sex) Crest May need to compare to other Trait Result Female Nuchal Crest (Occipital Bone)   Smooth Rough and Bumpy External Occipital Protuberance Generally absent Generally Present Crest May need to compare to other

Skull (sex) Frontal Trait Result Female Male Frontal Bone   Round, globular Low, slanting Frontal

Skull (sex) Ramus Mandible Trait Result Female Male Mandible Shape   Rounded, V-shaped Square, U-shaped Ramus of Mandible Slanting Straight Ramus Mandible

Femur (sex) (If available) Trait Result Female Indeterminate Sex Male Vertical (maximum) Diameter of Femoral Head (mm)   < 43.5 43.5- 44.5 > 44.5 Bicondylar Width (mm) <74 74- 76 >76 Maximum Length (mm) <405 405-430 >430 Femur Head Bicondylar

Tibia (sex) (If available) Measurement Result Average Female Average Male Maximum Epiphyseal Breadth of Proximal Tibia (mm)   70.26 79.40 Maximum Epiphyseal Breadth of Distal Tibia (cm) 46.31 52.48 Proximal Distal

Humerus (sex) Vertical Transverse Epicondylar Trait Result Average Female Average Male Transverse Diameter of Humeral Head (mm)   37.0- 39.0 42.7- 44.7 Vertical Diameter of Humeral Head 42.7 48.8 Maximum Length (mm) 305.9 339.0 Epicondylar Width (mm) 56.8 63.9 Vertical Transverse Epicondylar

FINAL SEX DETERMINATION ________________________________________________

RACE DETERMINATION Forensic anthropologists generally use a three-race model to characterize skeletal remains: White (European), Asian and Black (African). The skull is often the most valuable bone in tracing origins, and various measurements around the face reveal information about ancestry and heritage.

Skull (race) Nasal width: _______ mm Nasal height: _______ mm Height   Nasal height: _______ mm Height Width Use caliper to measure

Nasal silling/Guttering Skull(race) Trait Result White Asian Black Nasal Index   < .48 .48- .53 > .53 Nasal Spine Prominent spine Somewhat prominent spine Very small spine Nasal silling/Guttering Sharp ridge (silling) Rounded ridge No ridge (guttering) Nasal Index= width mm / height mm Nasal spine= hold pencil at base of nose and see how smoothly you can raise it up Nasal silling= Feel base on nasal cavity to see if it is sharp, rounded, or no ridge

Skull (race) Trait Result White Asian Black Prognathism   Straight Variable Prognathic Shape of the Orbital Openings Rounded, somewhat square Rounded, somewhat circular Rectangular Prognathism= jaw thrust out. To test, hold pencil vertically at the nasal spine and point down to chin, does it go straight down , at a slight angle, or does it angel too far out. See previous results of orbital opening.

Skull (race) Use the three skull photographs found at station #5 to calculate the nasal index for each racial group. Compare these values to those listed above and if needed, describe what could account for any inconsistencies.   White skull: Nasal width ______ mm ÷ Nasal height ______ mm = Nasal index _______ Asian skull: Black skull:

Femur (race) White- fingers can fit under the curvature of the femur   Black- fingers cannot fit under the curvature of the femur Lay femur on table so that the lesser trochanter forms an arch. Now lay palm of hand flat on table and see if your finger can slide under arch.

FINAL RACE DETERMINATION ____________________________   FINAL RACE DETERMINATION ____________________________

HEIGHT DETERMINATION The height of the individual is most often determined by examining the long bones, such as the femur, tibia, or humerus. The accuracy of these calculations is improved if two or more bones are used. Forensic anthropologists have compared bone length to height and have calculated formulas that describe this relationship (broken down by racial group and by gender). Using information you have gathered about the gender and ethnicity of the skeleton, choose the appropriate equations and calculate a possible height range. As there is no listed formula for using the maximum length of the femur to estimate height in an Asian female, use only the equation listed for the other available bone.

Femur (height) (If available) Maximum Length of the Femur (MLF) _______ mm = _______ cm     Male Female Regression Formula Height Range (cm) Caucasoid (White) 2.32 (MLF) + 65.53 ± 3.94 2.47 (MLF) + 54.10 ± 3.72 Mongoloid (Asian) 2.15 (MLF) + 72.57 ± 3.80 Formula not available Negroid (Black) 2.10 (MLF) + 72.22 ± 3.91 2.28 (MLF) + 59.76 ± 3.41

Tibia (height) (If available) Maximum Length of Tibia (MLT) _______ mm = _________ cm   Male Female Regression Formula Height Range (cm) Caucasoid (White) 2.42 (MLT) + 81.93 ± 4.00 2.90 (MLT) + 61.53 ± 3.66 Mongoloid (Asian) 2.39 (MLT) + 81.45 ± 3.27 2.68 (MLT) + 67.05 ± 3.68 Negroid (Black) 2.19 (MLT) + 85.36 ± 3.91 2.45 (MLT) + 72.56 ± 3.70

Humerus (height) Maximum Length of the Humerus (MLH) _______ mm = _______ cm   Male Female Regression Formula Height Range (cm) Caucasoid (White) 2.89 (MLH) + 78.10 ± 4.57 3.36 (MLH) + 57.97 ± 4.45 Mongoloid (Asian) 2.68 (MLH) + 83.19 ± 4.16 3.22 (MLH) + 51.32 ± 4.35 Negroid (Black) 2.88 (MLH) + 75.48 ± 4.23 3.08 (MLH) + 64.67 ± 4.25

FINAL HEIGHT DETERMINATION To determine the probable height range of the individual, refer to the height tables you filled in above and record the minimum and maximum value of the calculated height ranges in the space below. Convert each value to feet and inches and show the final height range. Minimum value = __________ cm ÷ 2.54 = _______ inches = ____ feet _____ inches Maximum value = __________ cm ÷ 2.54 = _______ inches = ____ feet _____ inches

AGE DETERMINATION Make sure to refer to the photograph of the pelvic bones while completing your analysis. Remember, you are looking for landmarks that occur as a human ages. At birth, humans have about 405 bones. These bones will eventually fuse and form the 206 bones we see in an adult skeleton

Developmental Occurrence Pelvis (age) Developmental Occurrence Approximate Age The pubis bone and the ischium are almost completely united by bone. (Figure 6) 7 - 8   The illium, ishium, and pubis bones are joined together. (Figure 6) 13 -14 The two lowest segments of the sacral vertebrate become joined together. (Figure 8) 18 The illium, ischium, and pubis bones become fully ossified with no evidence of epiphyseal unions (indicated by cartilaginous lines). 20-25 All segments of the sacrum are united with no evidence of epiphyseal unions. 25-30

Femur (age) (If available) Developmental Occurrence Approximate Age The greater trochanter first appears. 4   The lesser trochanter first appears. 13 -14 The head, greater trochanter, and lesser trochanter first join the shaft. 18 The condyles first join the shaft. 20

Tibia (age) (If available) Developmental Occurrence Approximate Age The lower epiphysis joins the shaft 18   The upper epiphysis joins the shaft 20

Developmental Occurrence Humerus (age) Developmental Occurrence Approximate Age The head and the tuberosities join to become a single large epiphysis. 6   The radial head, trochlea, and external condyle blend and unite with the shaft. 16-17 The internal condyle unites with the shaft. 18 The upper epiphysis unites with the shaft. 20

Final Ending= Find your missing person FINAL MINIMUM AGE DETERMINATION (range) ______________ years