Chapter 2 TYPES OF EVIDENCE Kendall/Hunt

Classification of Evidence Chapter 2 Classification of Evidence is a statement made under oath; also known as - Eyewitness accounts/Witness statements is any object or material that is relevant in a crime; also known as . - Examples are hair, fiber, fingerprints, documents, blood, soil, drugs, tool marks, impressions, glass. Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 2 Eyewitness Accounts Eyewitness accounts are testimonial evidence by a person who observed the incident. A may be developed from the witness testimony by a computer program or forensic artist. FACES—a composite program by InterQuest Kendall/Hunt

Reliability of Eyewitness Chapter 2 Reliability of Eyewitness Factors that affect accuracy: Nature of the and the situation in which the crime is observed Characteristics of the Manner in which the information is retrieved Additional factors: Witness’s with the accused Length of between the offense and the identification Any or failure to identify the defendant Any prior identification of a person other than the defendant by the eyewitness Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 2 Transient Evidence Transient evidence is - easily changed or lost; usually observed by the at the scene. — perfume, gasoline, urine, burning, explosives, cigarette smoke — surroundings, coffee, water in a bathtub, cadaver — footprints, teeth marks in perishable foods, tire marks on certain surfaces Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 2 Pattern Evidence Pattern evidence is produced by between a person and an object or between two objects. Clothing or article distribution Gunpowder residue Material damage Body position Toolmarks Glass fracture Fire burn pattern Furniture position Projectile trajectory Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 2 Conditional Evidence Conditional evidence is produced by a ; important in determining the or sequence within a crime. —headlight, lighting conditions, lights on or off Smoke—color, density, odor Fire—color and direction of the flames, temperature and condition of fire —of injuries or wounds, of bloodstains, of weapons, of broken glass Vehicles—doors locked or unlocked, windows opened or closed, —position and types of wounds; Scene—condition of furniture, doors and windows, signs of a struggle Kendall/Hunt

Classification of Evidence by Nature Chapter 2 Classification of Evidence by Nature —blood, semen, saliva, sweat, tears, hair, bone, tissues, urine, feces, animal material, insects, bacteria, fungi, botanical material —fibers, glass, soil, gunpowder, metals, minerals, narcotics, drugs, paper, ink, cosmetics, paint, plastic, lubricants, fertilizer —fingerprints, footprints, shoeprints, handwriting, firearms, tire marks, toolmarks, typewriting —laundry marks, voice analysis, polygraph, photography, stress evaluation, psycholinguistic analysis, vehicle identification Kendall/Hunt

Physical Evidence Characteristics Chapter 2 Physical Evidence Characteristics —can be identified with a Fingerprints Blood DNA Typing —common to a Kendall/Hunt

Class vs. Individual Evidence Chapter 2 Class vs. Individual Evidence These fibers are ; there is no way to determine if they came from this garment. The large piece of glass fits exactly to the bottle; it is . Kendall/Hunt

Class vs. Individual Evidence Chapter 2 Class vs. Individual Evidence Which examples do you think could be individual evidence? Kendall/Hunt