Forensic Anthropology

Forensic Anthropology Definition: An applied area of __________________ anthropology Role: To assist ________________ enforcement agencies in a medical _____________ context

General Goals 1. Establish _______________ profile: age, sex, race, height 2. Determine ____________ since death (PMI- post ________________ interval) 3. Examine remains for signs of _____________________ 4. Establish positive ______________

Who do they work with? _______________ Departments _________________ Offices Office of the Attorney General _____________________ offices FBI _______________ Private individuals

Estimating Age _______________features Dentition Epiphyseal _________ of long bones

Skull Features… The _____________________ skull minus the _________ jaw bone, AKA, the mandible Mandible - _____________________ bone of the face consists of _____________ bones. 6 unpaired bone _____ paired bones 3 ___________ bones on each side Some bones are _________________ there is a left and right one some bones are _________________ there is just one.

_______________ – Newborn = first ______ days after birth Mandible is _____________ & is two separate bones (left & right) Over time the mandible _________ together to form one bone. Around the age of __________________

DENTITION Teeth can be divided into ________________ (upper) and ____________________________ (lower) There are four different categories of teeth: incisors, ____________, premolars, and _____________ Adults will usually have a total of _______ teeth.  The function of each tooth is different.  Incisors are designed for ________________ canines are pointed for ___________________ premolars & molars are designed for grinding & reducing food

The Hyoid Small, ___________-shaped bone that supports the ______________, and gives attachment to many muscles in ____________ This bone is of particular interest to forensic anthropologists as it is commonly __________ in cases of ____________________ Hyoid fuses at about ________ years of age.

Long Bones Humerus - __________ arm bone Ulna/Radius - ___________ arm bones Femur – your _______ bone. the __________________ of all bones Tibia & Fibula - two bones that make up your _____________ leg tibia is known as the ___________________ bone, it is the second largest bone in the body

Determining Sex __________________ features _________________Characteristics Analysis of _________________ Dentition

- A baby's skeleton has _______ bones, but many of these fuse adult have a total of _______ bones.  A man's skeleton has broader ___________ than a woman's, a longer __________________ , and a pelvic girdle for walking/running.  A woman's skeleton has the same bone complement as a man's but is slightly _____________ and less _________________, with a wider ___________ opening to assist childbirth.

Margin is rounder & dull Skull Features FEATURE MEN WOMEN Cranial Mass Blocky & Massive Deeper Rounder & Tapers at the Top Brow Ridge Margin is rounder & dull Margin is sharper Mandible (lower jaw) Square Shaped Rounded Shape

Pelvic Bone Characteristics The bones are ________________ in shape AKA: Hip Bone the large bone in the hip, consisting of the ilium, the ischium, and the pubic bone. They are the ____________________ of determining the ____________ of a skeleton

Determination of Sex: •Pelvis is the best bone (differences due to adaptations to childbirth): 1. females have wider sub-pubic arch angle. 2. females have a sciaticnotch > 90° 3. females have a broad pelvic inlet

Analysis of the Femur Typically ______________ in men Women’s bones stop developing around _____ Men’s bones develop until about _________ Men have more _____________________

***RACE IS THE HARDEST TO IDENTIFY*** Determining Race _______________characteristics: Oval eye orbits, Narrow nasal opening Europe, North Africa, West Asian _____________ characteristics: square eye orbit, greater breadth at nose, protruding teeth Sub-Saharan Africa ________________: in between the two. Native Americans have “shoveled” teeth. East Asia, Arctic, Native Americans (North and South) ***RACE IS THE HARDEST TO IDENTIFY***

Determining Time Since Death Decay of ____________ and/or skeleton Articulation & _____________ of remains Material Remains?? Clothing Objects

Postmortem Interval - PMI Antemortem trauma: ______________ death Perimortem trauma: _______ or _______________ the time of death Post mortem trauma: _________ death

Cause of Death Can be homicide, suicide, accidental, natural, and unknown Easier with a _________________ body Often very difficult with flesh and _______________ gone Look for things like __________________ and indentations caused by ________________ trauma, ____________________ fragments, etc.

FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION Obtain skull Add ____________________ depth markers Begin to add common ____________ deposits and underlying _________________ Add muscle to average depth for race Add skin, _______________, ears Add features related to age__________ and race (wrinkles, eye and hair color) Add clothing etc. appropriate for the ____________________, religious affiliations, etc.