Introduction and Context

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Introduction and Context
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Introduction and Context The French Revolution Introduction and Context Jacobin Mobs of the French Revolution What seems revolutionary in this scene? The Schiller Institute., Nov. 6-12, 1794, 2016 http://schillerinstitute.org/educ/hist/eiw_this_week/nov6_1794.html (March 23, 2016)

Phases of the French Revolution (Periodization, Pace of Change) Prelude Traditional aristocratic rights reasserted vs. royal absolutism Phase 1, 1789-1791 Tone: Moderate Who: Middle class, bourgeoisie (with some street action in Paris) Form of Gov’t: Constitutional Monarchy

Phases of the French Revolution Radical (The Terror- Jacobins under Robespierre) Peasants and Paris workers (sans culottes) Foreign Wars Republic (execution of the king)

Phases of the French Revolution Conservative/ Moderate Napoleon rises out of the Directory Still a republic but back to conservative/moderate

France is bankrupt from wars, wars, wars and financial mismanagement Economic Context France is bankrupt from wars, wars, wars and financial mismanagement

French Burden of Taxation on The Peasants French Peasants must pay… To the Church: Tithe To the State: Taille Vingtieme Capitation Gabelle (salt tax) To Seigneur: (feudal lord of his/her parish) Corvee (cash or kind) Cens (feudal rent in cash) Champart (renit in kind) Lods et ventes ( charge on the transfer of property) If he doesn’t own land himself, he may have to pay to use the lord’s mill, wine press, or bakery *Note: In France, grain prices increased by 60% between 1730 and 1789

Social Context (and some Economic, too) Back in the late 1600s, early 1700s, Louis XIV had taken power away from the nobles and replaced it with social privileges.

The Three Estates in France – A Corporatist View of Society First Estate The Clergy Main Privileges About 130,000 138 archbishops and bishops 2,800 canons and priors 37,000 nuns and 23,000 monks 60,000 parish priests Had their own law courts (parlement) Exempt from taxes Second Estate The nobility Main Privileges Between 120,000 and 350,000 people King and queen Nobles of the sword: princes, dukes, marquises, counts, viscounts, barons, knights Nobles of the robe Had the right to carry a sword Received special treatment in law courts (parlement) Exempt from taxes parish priests Bourgeoisie = professionals Third Estate Everybody else Privileges About 27 million people Lawyers, doctors, businessmen, merchants, soldiers, craftsmen, shopkeepers, peasants, etc. None

Conflict… Three Estates add to financial crisis (First and Second don’t pay taxes!!!!) Everyone in conflict with Louis XVI, pointing out flaws of absolute monarchy bourgeoisie nobility Influence of enlightenment/ philosophes makes them critical of absolute monarchy Want constitutional monarchy Complain about centralization Re-assert power by claiming law courts have to register the King’s edicts (laws) Louis XVI

works (or doesn’t work) Political Context The way government works (or doesn’t work)

French Institutions of Gov’t Under Absolute Monarchy Everyone is responsible to the king. Where is the only place where the third estate had any influence?

Estates General A sort of parliament where the three estates get to meet (May, 1789) Haven't met since 1615!!! Estates vote by order (by estate) despite equal numbers (don’t vote by head - individually) 3 1 2

Estates General Con’t… Six months pass between the calling and the meeting Before the meeting, each estate of each region of France gets to write its grievances (complaints, criticisms) in the form of Cahiers de Doleances every estate had complaints, but didn’t agree how to reform government

Recommended Reading Read pages 159-162 in the text. causes National Assembly Cahiers Bread Riots Bastille Estates General Voting Abbe Sieyes

Events Immediately Preceding the Revolution 1. Most 3rd Estate members of the Estates General were _______________. 2. Some ___ Estate allied with ____ Estate. 3. Together they became the ________ _____________. 4. Louis ___________ them out of their hall. 5. They went to the ________ ________ and took an ________ to make a new ___________. Meanwhile… 6. __________ __________s led by women. 7. Storming of the _____________. 8. Louis had to ___________________________. ***Which event was the true beginning of the revolution?