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I. Human Life in the Era of Hunters and Gatherers II I. Human Life in the Era of Hunters and Gatherers II. Human Life before Agriculture III. The Neolithic Revolution – 8000 to 3500 B.C.E.

The Spread of Human Populations, c. 10,000 B.C.E. Introduction: definitions of civilization Elements: urban, monumental building, writing, specialized occupations Connotation v. denotation I. Human Life in the Era of Hunters and Gatherers. Homo sapiens by 10,000 B.C.E. larger brain tools, weapons Developments by 12,000 B.C.E.: Hunting-gathering Art Spread to Europe, Asia, Australia, the Americas The Spread of Human Populations, c. 10,000 B.C.E.

II. Human Life before Agriculture A. Paleolithic Culture Old Stone Age to 14,000 Y.A. Homo sapiens sapiens c. 240,000, Y.A. B. Late Paleolithic Developments Variety Bands of hunter-gatherers Agricultural settlements Gender division of labor Men: hunting, fishing, defense Women: gathering, making medicine Spread from Africa c. 750,000 Y.A.

The Spread of Agriculture III. The Neolithic Revolution – 8000 to 3500 B.C.E. Sedentary agriculture Animals domesticated Development of towns Causes? Climatic shifts The Domestication of Plants and Animals Plants slow development Animals from 12,000 B.C.E.: dogs, sheep, goats, pigs The Spread of Agriculture

The Spread of Agriculture III. The Neolithic Revolution – 8000 to 3500 B.C.E. The Spread of the Neolithic Revolution. Hunting-and-gathering persists Pastoralism Sub-Saharan Africa root and tree crops Northern China millet Rice Southeast Asia, to China, India, islands Mesoamerica, Peru Maize, manioc, sweet potatoes Bronze Age The Spread of Agriculture

IV. Civilization Settlements, villages slash and burn agriculture irrigation Çatal Hüyük c. 7000 B.C.E., southern Turkey Large complex Agriculture, commerce Shrines Occupations by 3000 B.C.E., civilization Aspects of civilizations? cities writing political organization Writing cuneiform Nomads

IV. Civilization A. Tigris-Euphrates Civilization Mesopotamia Sumerians from 3500 B.C.E. alphabet Ziggurats religion priesthood City-states Akkadians Babylonians Hammurabi code Indo-Europeans from 2100 B.C.E.

IV. Civilization B. Egyptian Civilization Pharaoh pyramids from 2700 B.C.E. Kush C. Indian and Chinese River Valley Civilizations Indus River Harappa, Mohenjo Daro Indo-Europeans Huanghe (Yellow) River P'an Ku ideographs Shang dynasty from 1500 B.C.E. Egypt, Kush and Axum

V. The Heritage of the River Valley Civilizations Decline by 1000 B.C.E. Invasions Legacy? China great continuity Zhou from 1000 B.C.E. Mesopotamia more rupture view of nature persists Phoenicians alphabet from 1300 B.C.E. enduring culture Jewish monotheism

VI. The First Civilizations Division among peoples Contacts increase with time