Why are Languages Distributed the Way They Are?

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Why are Languages Distributed the Way They Are? AP Human Geography Chapter 6 Section 2 Why are Languages Distributed the Way They Are?

World Language Families

Categorization of Language Language Families Indo European Subfamilies Germanic Languages English

European Languages in the Americas What languages from Europe had the largest impact in the Americas? English French Spanish Portuguese

How are Languages Formed? Can find linkages among languages by examining sound shifts – a slight change in a word across languages over time. eg. Milk lacte in Latin latta in Italian leche in Spanish lait in French

Language Divergence when a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages.

Language Convergence when peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one.

Language Extinction when peoples speaking a language are wiped out or when they shift to a language other than that of their ancestral language

How do Linguists Study Historical Languages? Backward reconstruction – tracking sound shifts and the hardening of consonants (stops, b, p, or t vs. fricatives f, v, or th) backward to reveal an “original” language. Can deduce the vocabulary of an extinct language. Can recreate ancient languages (deep reconstruction)