Test Review New France 1.4 – 2.3

I.4 First Contact 1. What event motivated Europeans to start searching for a new route to Asia in the late 1400s? Turkish armies were blocking the land route to Asia. They had captured Constantinople. 2. Identify two other motivation for early explorers? Find gold & riches Find land Spread Christianity Power Fame

Fish– Most Catholics ate fish every Friday 3. What land did Christopher Columbus claim for Spain? Caribbean 1492 4. What two resources were initially exploited in New France? Why were they in demand? Fish– Most Catholics ate fish every Friday Whales – blubber oil was used light lamps

5. The French and the Natives developed a mutually beneficial trade relationship in the 1500s. Identify the products each group gained from each other. Natives Obtained French Obtained Glass beads Axes Knives Hammers Nails clothing FURS

Native trade networks were disrupted 6. Give specific reasons of how the fur trade impacted native populations. Explain. Natives gradually abandoned traditional practices to obtain more furs for Europeans: Copper pots replaced traditional wood pottery Algonquin began replacing their primary diet of game with agricultural products Mi’maq gave up fishing for European foods Native trade networks were disrupted Environment was abused by Europeans More warfare between Native groups

7. What are 3 reasons for why France sent Jacques Cartier to explore? To find a new route to Asia To claim land for the King To find gold and riches 8. When were his three voyages? 1534 1535 1541

9. What was Cartier’s biggest accomplishment? Claimed land for the King of France in North America 10. When did Cartier make first contact with the natives? On his first voyage in 1534 11. Name two things Cartier did on his second voyage? Explored and mapped the St. Lawrence River He reached Hochelaga (Montreal) and spent the winter in Stadacona (Quebec) Learnt to combat scurvy from the natives Learnt survival skills from the natives

12. Where did Cartier erect two forts?? At Riviere du Cap Rouge called Charlesbourg Royal 13. What two things was Cartier hoping to achieve on his 3rd voyage to New France? To establish a colony (populate, develop) Evangelize the natives

14. Why did Cartier fail to set up a colony? France’s preoccupation with the war in Europe Disagreements with Roberval Cartier left with what he thought were riches Conflict with the natives Inability to attracts settlers due to the long voyage, harsh climate, conflicts with the natives… 15. With which native groups did the French form an alliance in 1603? Maliseet, Innu and Algonquin

16. Explain how the Europeans’ exploitation of resources in the territory of North Amercia during the 16th and 17th centuries affected the way of life of Native peoples. Your answer must provide details on each of the elements below and establish connections between them. Event: European fishermen came to shores of North America to fish and whale during the 16th century. Relations: They met the Aboriginal people and traded European goods (axes, hammers, nails…)for furs. Consequence: As a result, the First Nations started using European goods (knives, hammers, axes, alcohol…), their culture was impacted (Christianity) many died from war and disease, they gradually abandoned their traditional practices (fishing, hunting large game, using bark wood pottery)

2.1 Colonization of New France 1. What policy shaped France’s economy in the 17th century? How can this policy be applied to the fur trade? Policy: Mercantilism Application to the fur trade: Colonies send their furs to the mother country The mother country uses the furs to make coats and hats Coats and hats were sold for profit

2. Identify the difference between a settlement colony and a trading colony. Few people Temporary population Exploit raw materials Settle colonists Permanent

3. Who established the first permanent settlement in New France 3. Who established the first permanent settlement in New France? What was it called? Where was it located? Who: Samuel de Champlain When: 1608 Name: L’Habitation Location: Quebec 4. The French expanded their alliance with the natives to include the Huron – Wendat in 1616. What did the French promise their native alliance in exchange for furs? To wage war against their enemy, the Iroquois

2.2 New France from 1627-1663 1. Why did holders of a fur trade monopoly have such little interest in populating the colony? No need for French labour because Natives brought them furs Posts needed few people to operate Expensive to bring settlers 2. In what year was the Company of 100 Associates created? In exchange for a fur trade monopoly, what obligations did they have to the state? Created in 1627 Promised to populate the colony and evangelize the Natives

4. What is the Seigneurial system? When was it established? 3. What is the Treaty of Saint – Germain – en - Laye? When was it signed? Signed in 1632 New France was returned under control of France – after being captured by the English 4. What is the Seigneurial system? When was it established? System used to organize the territory and society in New France Established in 1627

6. Identify two obligations of the seigneurs and the censitaires. 5. Seigneurs of New France came from diverse backgrounds. Give some examples. Mmilitary officers Religious orders Nobles bourgeoisie 6. Identify two obligations of the seigneurs and the censitaires. Seigneurs Loyalty to the king Grant land to censitaires Build and maintain flour mill Reserve metal ores and oaks for the king Give 1/5 of value to the king if seigneury was sold Keep the state informed of affairs in the seigneury Censitaires Work the land Pay an annual rent in money or produce Pay for using the flour mill with produce 3 days unpaid labour to the seigneur Maintain public roads on their land

7. How was the territory organized under the seigneurial system 7. How was the territory organized under the seigneurial system? Why was it laid out that way? Perpendicular to the St. Lawrence river Farm lots, mill and a church are found on the seigneury Easy access to water for crops and transportation 8. What was the main goal of the church in New France? What strategies did they use to achieve them? Jesuits/Missionaries were sent to evangelize the Natives Missionaries lived amongst Natives, learnt their culture and language in order to successfully convert them

9. What did Paul de Chomeday de Maisonneuve establish in New France in 1642? Ville- Marie (Montreal) 10. Who established the first hospital in New France? What was it called? Jeanne Mance Hotel de Ville

11. Who was the first bishop of New France 11. Who was the first bishop of New France? What did he use to communicate his instructions to his parishioners? Francois de Laval Pastoral letters 12. War broke out between the Iroquois and the French in the 17th century. The French were few in number and did not have enough soldiers. What was their strategy to ensure peace in the colony? They sought peace accords to secure the colony

13. How did the Iroquois wars impact the Huron- Wendat population? The wars led to the disappearance of the Huron – Wendat (the disappearance of Huronia) 14. How did the fur trade impact the territory of New France? Searching for new sources of furs led to an expansion of the territory

16. What is acculturation? Give an example. 15. What primary factor led to the decrease in the Native population in New France? Primarily disease war 16. What is acculturation? Give an example. Gradually adopting another culture – Natives adopting European cultural practice Natives began using iron tools, adopting Christian religion, using axes and knives…..

17. How was New France’s population demographically imbalanced 17. How was New France’s population demographically imbalanced? Explain why. New France was made up of mostly men Men were attracted to New France for the fur trade 18. Describe the economy of New France during this time period in one sentence. The economy of New France was based primarily on one economic activity – the fur trade

2.3 New France from 1627 - 1663 1. What were the objectives in establishing Royal government in New France? Populating New France Diversifying the economy 2. What is absolutism? How did the King ensure that the colonists of New France recognized his authority The belief that the King received his power from God The King placed symbols of his authority, such as the coat of arms and self-portraits, throughout the colony (public places)

3. How was New France’s population demographically imbalanced 3. How was New France’s population demographically imbalanced? Explain why. KING D D KING MINISTER OF THE MARINE GOVERNOR GENERAL INTENDANT MILITIA CAPTAIN MINISTER OF MARINE a B B E SOVEREIGN COUNCIL GOVERNOR GENERAL INTENDANT A, F C, G, J MILITIA CAPTAIN H, I

4. What two groups of men could be called on to defend the colony? Soldiers Militiamen 5. What militay regiment was sent to New France in 1665? Carignan - Salieres

6. What was the purpose of building forts in Montreal and Quebec? To protect the cities To ensure the colony’s security and defense against the Iroquois 7. What treaty officially put an end to the Iroquois wars? What year was it signed? Describe it. Great Peace of Montreal 1701 Signed by 40 nations using totem animals Officially put an end to Iroquois wars

8. Who was sent to New France to increase the population 8. Who was sent to New France to increase the population? What was his position? Who: Jean Talon Position: Intendent 9. Among the following statements, check those that correspond to measures implemented by the French state to increase the population of New France. B. The king granted an annual sum of money to parents who had 10 living children or more. C. The king gave certain prisoners and smugglers the right to settle in New France. E. The state offered officers from the Carignan Salieres regiment the chance to become seigneurs.

10. What was France’s objective in sending the Filles du Roy to New France? To have the orphan girls get married, have children and relieve the shortage of women 11. Jean Talon’s policy encouraged immigration to New France. Give 3 examples of immigrant groups and explain.

12. What was the main demographic factor that caused a population increase in the 17th century? Natural increase 13. Complete the text using the followin terms. Jean Talon wanted to diversify the economy of New France. He first wanted to export agricultural surpluses to France. He tried to introduce new types of crops by bringing over a variety of seeds. He encouraged the cultivation of hemp, flax and hops. In order to diversify artisanal work, he had a tannery and tar works built. He sent colonists to explore for iron, copper and coal. Lastly, he had a shipyard built in order to exploit the abundant timber resources in New France.

14. Jean Talon tried to diversify the economy. What were the results? He failed to diversify the economy – it was still largely based on the fur trade Colonists were too busy meeting their needs to produce a surplus The mother country did not support the diversification attempts 15. What caused the overproduction of furs in 1663? What system did the governor institute in response? In 1663 all residents could take part in the fur trade. The number of coureur de bois began to grow and caused an overproduction of furs The governor instituted a licensing system called congee de traite