Integrity and Ethics निष्ठा/इमान्दारिता र सदाचार

Issues फोन र इन्टरनेट सेवा गतिलो नभए ग्राहकलाई क्षतिपूर्तिदेखि लाइसेन्स खारेजीसम्म प्रधानमन्त्री प्रचण्डले आज राजीनामा दिने भोलिबाट भक्तपुरमा साझाका २० बसले सेवा थाल्ने भ्रष्ट कर्मचारीलाई उडिरहेको हेलिकोप्टरबाट फ्याक्ने फिलिपिन्सका राष्ट्रपतिको चेतावनी सरकारी कार्यालयमा खुलेआम घुसखोरी : प्रतिवेदन सार्वजनिक सेवा र सेवाग्राहीको सन्तुष्टिसम्बन्धी सर्वेक्षणमा कुल सेवाग्राहीमध्ये ४०.८ प्रतिशतले घूस बुझाएको स्विकारेका छन् अब देखि मोबाइलबाटै राहदानी आवेदन सबै ट्याक्सीमा ६ महिनाभित्रै बिलिङ प्रणाली चोर पक्रिन हेलिकोप्टर चार्टर ! न्यायालयमा राजनीतिक छाया सुन समातिन्छ, मालिक हराउँछन्

Study Findings

Source: CIAA Annual Reports.

Officer, Non-officer and Corruption Complaints Types of Corruption Position Total (N) Officer (%), N = 803 Non-Officer (%), N = 1213 Fake Document Related 11.0 89.0 100.0 (630) Illegal Benefits and Illicit Earnings 66.4 33.6 100.0 (286) Bribery 42.7 57.3 100.0 (260) Fraud 56.0 44.0 100.0 (50) Misuse of Public Property 50.1 49.9 100.0 (485) Procurement and Construction 53.1 46.9 100.0 (305) 39.8 60.2 100.0 (2016) Chi Square 353.835***   Likelihood Ratio 393.003*** Phi and Cramer's V 0.419*** Note: Table generated based on the cases published in CIAA annual reports (2006 - 2015).

Issues Slaughtering animals and consuming meats Throwing thrashes from public buses then and now Abortion

Morale Personal/individual and spiritual character Right and wrong at a much deeper level Basic human marker of right conduct and behavior No external inducements or constrains needed and usually do not change

Ethics Professional standards Declaration of the moral values and standards of behavior required by all in an organization Well founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific qualities.

Integrity State or quality of being complete, undivided or unbroken moral soundness, honesty, uprightness It is a concept of consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations and outcomes Knowing and doing right things

Public Sector Ethics: Critical Aspects Publicness in public service Capacity of public sector Healthy governance Effective prevention Sharp detection Robust prosecution and recovery Culture of integrity in public service Motivated primarily by money or professional fulfilment Sense of ownership: attachment, team sprit, proudness, …

Collective Action Dilemma Action/Person: A Honest Corrupt Action/ Person: B (H, H) (H, C) (C, H) (C, C)

SOURCES OF MORAL VALUES AND BEHAVIORAL NORMS Huberts, Maesschalck and Jurkiewicz, 2008; Ethics and Integrity of Governance Source Characteristics Human Universals Innate and natural Derived from natural rights theory Cultural/ Social Perspectives Experience with the environment Represented by behavioral psychology Rational Analysis/Cognitive Processes Thought, Reason and Education Non-rational/Need based Perspective Experience, Expertise and Emotion Theological Perspective God given moral values Unchallengeable among believers Professional and Bureaucratic Roles Public service ethics systems Public opinion 5 min

Options A businessman’s approach A market or an economist’s approach A lawyer’s approach Toughening laws & legislations A businessman’s approach Offering incentives to officials to disengage from corruption (buy out corruption). A market or an economist’s approach Introduce or increase competition An institutional approach Genuine political/leadership commitment

Case: Willing DEO Can Make a Difference Watch the video case: Willing DEO Can Make a Difference Make note on how he was able to organize Share it in plenary.

Promoting Integrity and Ethics Identify and name an integrity problem Knowledge of the legislation, codes, standards, related to the problem Identify the solution

Things We Need! Organisation: Commitment Clear set of values and standards Communication of values and standards Continuous and consistent actions Moreover, Acknowledge that “it starts with me!” Establish a legend; let it be disseminated Be wiling to pay price

References Graaf, Gjalt De, 2007, Causes Of Corruption: Towards A Contextual Theory Of Corruption, Public Administration Quarterly, 39-86. Jain, Arvind, 2001, Corruption: A Review, Journal of Economic Surveys Vol 15, No.1, 71-121 Pinto, Jonathan; Carrie R. Leana; Frits K. Pil, 2008, Corrupt Organizations Or Organizations Of Corrupt Individuals? Two Types Of Organization-level Corruption, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 33, No. 3, 685–709 http://integrityaction.org/ Adhikari, S.H., 2014, Patron-Client Politics and Governance System of Nepal, submitted to Seoul National University, Republic of Korea, 2014 Adhikari, S.H., Gupta, A.K., & Shrestha, G.L. (2016). Level, Pattern and Trend of Corruption (Analysis Based on the Corruption and Improper Conducts' Cases Published by Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority, Nepal). Lalitpur, Nepal: Nepal Administrative Staff College.