China Under Mao 1949 - 1976

Review (India) Creating Nationalism Indian National Congress World War I Gandhi Religion Indian National Congress Early Characteristics Development Divide

Review (China) Civil War (1945 – 49) Why was Communism appealing? How did the CCP defeat the Nationalist Party? Initial reason for mass support? Organization KMT incompetency in military and economics Why was Communism appealing? Anti-imperialist Empower peasants “Scientific” approach to society

Three Key Questions 1) What are the major considerations nations face on the path to modernization? 2) What key programs did Mao employ, and why? 3) What effect did the Cultural Revolution have on the Chinese people?

Choices in Modernization How to industrialize? Biggest concern: money Possible sources Agricultural surplus e.g. Japan Export goods May be difficult without industry for mass-production… Foreign borrowing Risk of misuse, debt Not a clear or easy process

Choices in Modernization How to organize the economy? Import-substitution Self-sufficiency Non-competitive Export-oriented Focus on competitive strengths Buy what is missing

Choices in Modernization How to distribute goods? Market determined State determined Mixed system

Choices in Modernization How to run the government? Fascism vs. Democracy vs. Communism Barrington Moore thesis Importance of landlord control Strong  Fascism Weak + Private Businesses  Democracy Weak + Government Control  Communism Totalitarian vs. authoritarian “Total” control vs. political control

Mao’s Programs 1949 – 58: Institutional Transformation Land redistribution, communes 1956 – 57: Hundred Flowers Movement Cause? Features? Result? Lasting fear of criticizing the government…

Mao’s Programs 1958 – 61: Great Leap Forward Cause? Features? Result? Approx. 30 million die of malnutrition… Brink of civil war…

Mao’s Programs 1965 – 76: Cultural Revolution Cause? Features? Result? Halt in education and industrialization Uncontrolled destruction of cultural artifacts

Mao’s Programs Foreign Relations Soviet Union Korea USA Initially positive, degrade to enemies Korea Support North in war against South and US USA Initially enemies, improved by 1972 Tibet, Taiwan, India

Mao’s Programs Positive Contributions Housing and healthcare for everyone Inflation stabilizes Life expectancy dramatically increases National solidarity Independence from foreign powers

Cultural Revolution “Long live all the nationalities united as one people”

Cultural Revolution (Aftermath) Death of Mao Zedong (1976) Plus death of Zhou Enlai, and earthquake Rise of Deng Xiaoping Fall of Gang of Four Repair…