Biology 11 THE Cell

Objectives By the end of the lesson you should be able to: State the 2 types of cells Relate the structure to function for all the organelles

Types of Cells There are two types of cells: Prokaryotic (simple – no membrane bound organelles)

Types of Cells There are two types of cells: Prokaryotic (simple – no membrane bound organelles) 2. Eukaryotic (complex – membrane bound organelles)

What do you remember?? http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm Label up your cells!!

Cell Membrane AKA: Plasma Membrane Confines the cytoplasm Controls what enters and leaves the cell Made of a phospholipid bilayer

Cell Membrane Structure of Cell Membrane The fatty acid tails are “water hating” The phosphate heads are “water loving” There are proteins embedded in the membrane to transport molecules through the membrane

Nucleus The “control centre” of the cell as it regulates gene expression, in-turn regulating the activities of the cell. Houses the nucleoplasm, DNA and nucleolus Enclosed by the nuclear membrane which is connected to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Nucleolus The nucleolus is found inside the nucleus and is responsible for making ribosomes

Nuclear Membrane Also called the nuclear envelope, a barrier that prevents the passage of materials into the nucleus while keeping the genetic material (DNA) inside the nucleus Has many holes called pores which regulate the passage of chemical messengers into the nucleus and allows RNA (a small copy of some DNA) to exit.

RER & SER Endoplasmic Reticulum Made of cell membrane folded into sacs There are two types: 1. Rough: has ribosomes attached 2. Smooth: no ribosomes attached

RER & SER RER: processes proteins and sends them to the Golgi Apparatus SER: makes lipids, detoxifies poisons, drugs and other toxins

Ribosomes Found attached to the RER and floating in the cytoplasm Are the site of protein synthesis

Golgi Body AKA: Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Complex Made of flattened sacs of cell membrane Receives and exports proteins via vesicles in a process called “blebbing”

Vacuoles & Vesicles Membrane bound sacs used for storage Formed from ER and Golgi Apparatus Vesicles are typically for transport and vacuoles for storage

Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell Converts chemical energy (glucose) into biological energy (ATP)

Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis, found in plants only Uses chlorophyll to convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose)

Flagella & Cilia Made of microtubules Flagella: move cells Cilia: move fluids past cells

Centrioles Not found in plant cells Help to organize spindle fibers during mitosis

Cytoskeleton Gives the cell its shape and supports organelles Moves things inside the cell Made of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

Lysosomes & Peroxisomes Lysosomes: sac of hydrolytic enzymes that act as suicide sacs Peroxisomes: transfer hydrogen and detoxify parts of the cell

Your Turn! Crash Course Video Complete the Cell Parts Chart 

Protein Synthesis The nucleus receives a chemical signal to make a specific protein The DNA message for a specific protein is copied into a small molecule called ribonucleic acid or RNA RNA leaves through a nuclear pore The RNA message is delivered to the ribosome, where the protein is made

The manufactured protein enters the ER A vesicle forms off the end of the ER and carries the vesicle to Golgi body Golgi repackages the protein for transport A vesicle forms off the end of Golgi to cell membrane The vesicle attaches to cell membrane and is release out

Protein Synthesis A little side-step from all the organelles Protein Synthesis Demo DNA – Hank video! You should be able to describe how these structures work together: DNA mRNA Ribosomes RER Golgi Vesicles Proteins Nucleus Amino acids tRNA Nuclear Pore

DNA, RNA, Amino-Acid Chain Example: DNA  AGA CGG TAC CTC CGG TGG GTG CTT GTC TGT ATC CTT CTC AGT ATC mRNA  UCU GCC AUG GAG GCC ACC CAC GAA CAG ACA UAG GAA GAG UCA UAG protein  start - glu – ala –thre – hist – asp -glu-threo-stop