Obstetrics and Human Development 17 Obstetrics and Human Development

Multimedia Directory Slide 18 Conception Animation Slide 28 First Stage of Labor Video Slide 29 First Stage of Labor Video Part II Slide 30 Second Stage of Labor Video Slide 31 Third Stage of Labor Video: Part I Slide 32 Third Stage of Labor Video: Part II Slide 33 Third Stage of Labor Video: Part III Slide 49 Down Syndrome Video Slide 63 Preeclampsia Video Slide 74 Delivery of Infant—C-section Video Slide 84 Postpartum Assessment Video

Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for obstetrics and human development Identify the major organs of obstetrics and human development and describe their structure and function

Learning Objectives (cont.) After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with obstetrics and human development Build medical terms from the word parts associated with obstetrics and human development

Learning Objectives (cont.) After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Pronounce and spell common medical terms associated with obstetrics and human development

Obstetrics and Human Development Prenatal development The study of life changes prior to birth Includes the issues of pregnancy Postnatal development Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Old age

Prefixes ante- = before intra- = within micro- = small multi- = many neo- = new nulli- = none

Prefixes (cont.) poly- = many post- = after pre- = before primi- = first tri- = three

Combining Forms amni/o, amnion/o = amnion, amniotic fluid cephal/o = head chori/o = membrane, chorion embry/o = embryo episi/o = vulva fet/o = fetus

Combining Forms (cont.) ger/o, geront/o = old age gravid/o, gravidar/o = pregnancy hyster/o = uterus lact/o = milk nat/o = birth

Combining Forms (cont.) obstetr/o = midwife, prenatal development omphal/o = umbilicus (navel) par/o, part/o = parturition, or labor ped/o, pediatr/o = child pelv/i, pelv/o = pelvis, washbasin

Combining Forms (cont.) presby/o = old age prim/i = first pseud/o = false puerper/i, puerper/o = childbirth salping/o = tube toc/o = birth, labor

Suffixes -centesis = surgical puncture to aspirate fluids -cyesis = pregnancy -genic = pertaining to producing, formation, causing -ician = one who treats

Suffixes (cont.) -lytic = pertaining to loosen, dissolve -rrhexis = rupture -tocia = birth, labor -um = pertaining to -y = process of

Prenatal Development and Pregnancy Zygote—a fertilized egg Fertilization, or conception—the process of gamete union Pregnancy—normally lasts 280 days or 9 calendar months Trimesters—3-month-long periods of pregnancy

Figure 17.1: Fertilization and implantation

Figure 17.2: Fertilization Source: Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.

Conception Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on conception. The animation may take a moment to begin playing. Back to Directory

Prenatal Development and Pregnancy (cont.) Embryo—refers to first 8 weeks of life after conception Fetus—period of development between 8th week after conception until birth

Figure 17.3: Early prenatal development NOTE: View highlighted area on next slide

Figure 17.3 (continued): Early prenatal development NOTE: View highlighted area on next slide

Figure 17.3 (continued): Early prenatal development

Figure 17.4: Prenatal growth

Prenatal Development and Pregnancy (cont.) Labor—a four-stage process that involves: gradual dilation of the cervix increasing strength and duration of uterine contractions Parturition—birth of child Puerperium—6-week time period after giving birth

Figure 17.5: Labor

Figure 17.5 (continued): Labor

Figure 17.5 (continued): Labor

First Stage of Labor Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the first stage of labor. Back to Directory

First Stage of Labor Video (cont.) Click on the screenshot to view a second video on the first stage of labor. Back to Directory

Second Stage of Labor Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the second stage of labor. Back to Directory

Third Stage of Labor: Part 1 Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the third stage of labor. Back to Directory

Third Stage of Labor: Part II Video Click on the screenshot to view a second video on the third stage of labor. Back to Directory

Third Stage of Labor: Part III Video Click on the screenshot to view a third video on the third stage of labor. Back to Directory

Postnatal Development Begins immediately after birth and continues until death Neonate—term for newborn during the first month Senescence—old age, which usually begins between 65-75 years of age until death

Figure 17.6: Postnatal development

Terms Related to Prenatal and Postnatal Human Development Adolescence Adulthood Antepartum Childhood Gravida Gravidopuerperal Infancy Intrapartum Multigravida Multipara Natal Neonate Nulligravida Nullipara

Terms Related to Prenatal and Postnatal Human Development (cont.) Para Postnatal development Postpartum Pregnancy Premature infant Prenatal development Primigravida Primipara Puberty Puerpera Puerperal Puerperium Senescence Trimester

Word Roots amni, amnion = amnion or amniotic fluid chori = membrane, chorion embry = embryo fet = fetus lact = milk obstetr = midwife, prenatal development par, part = parturition, or labor

Symptoms and Signs Amniorrhea Dystocia Hyperemesis gravidarum Abnormal discharge of amniotic fluid Dystocia Difficult labor Hyperemesis gravidarum Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that can cause severe dehydration in the mother and fetus

Symptoms and Signs (cont.) Lactorrhea Abnormal, spontaneous discharge of milk Polyhydramnios Excessive amniotic fluid Pseudocyesis False pregnancy

Diseases and Disorders Abortion Termination of pregnancy by expulsion of the embryo or fetus from the uterus Miscarriage or spontaneous abortion (SAB) Therapeutic abortion (TAB)

Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Abruptio placentae Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall Results in either premature birth or fetal death

Figure 17.7: Abruptio placentae

Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Amnionitis Inflammation of the amnion Amniorrhexis Rupture of the amnion Breech birth Abnormal childbirth in which the buttocks, feet, or knees emerge first

Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Cervical effacement Progressive obliteration of the cervical canal during labor Chorioamnionitis Inflammation of the chorion and amnion Choriocarcinoma Cancer of the chorion

Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Cleft palate Congenital abnormality in which the roof of the mouth fails to close during prenatal development, leaving a fissure Congenital anomaly Abnormality present at birth

Figure 17.8: Cleft palate and lip

Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Down syndrome Congenital disorder caused by a genetic defect in chromosome 21 Results in degrees of mental retardation and other physical defects Also called trisomy 21

Down Syndrome Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of Down Syndrome. The video may take a moment to begin playing. Back to Directory

Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Eclampsia Condition characterized by convulsions and possibly coma during pregnancy Ectopic pregnancy Pregnancy that occurs outside of the uterus

Figure 17.9: Ectopic pregnancies

Figure 17.10: Ectopic pregnancy: abdominal

Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Embryotocia Expulsion, or abortion, of the embryo Erythroblastosis fetalis Condition of newborns in which RBCs are destroyed due to an incompatibility between the mother’s blood and the baby’s blood May occur when Rh-negative mother has previously had an Rh-positive child

Figure 17.11: Erythroblastosis fetalis

Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Esophageal atresia Congenital absence of part of the esophagus Results in inability to swallow or digest food Requires surgical correction

Figure 17.12: Esophageal atresia

Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Fetal alcohol syndrome Condition caused by alcohol ingestion during pregnancy Can cause brain dysfunction and growth abnormalities in the newborn Abbreviated FAS

Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Hyaline membrane disease Diseases of newborns, particularly of premature infants, in which certain cells of the lungs fail to mature by birth Lungs may collapse and may be followed by death Also called respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn, or RDS

Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Hysterorrhexis Rupture of the uterus Microcephaly Congenital abnormality of a small head Omphalitis Inflammation of the umbilicus

Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Omphalocele Congenital herniation at the umbilicus Segment of small intestine pushes through abdominal wall Placenta previa Abnormal attachment of placenta in lower portion of uterus Obstructs birth canal opening

Figure 17.13: Placenta previa

Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Preeclampsia Abnormal development of high blood pressure during pregnancy May be accompanied by proteinuria and edema, all due to toxemia during pregnancy Also known as pregnancy-induced hypertension, or PIH

Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of preeclampsia. Preeclampsia Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of preeclampsia. Back to Directory

Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Rubella Acute disease caused by rubella virus May produce abnormalities in prenatal development Also called German measles Salpingocyesis Embryo implants within the fallopian tube A form of ectopic pregnancy

Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Spina bifida Congenital defect of the vertebral column Absence of vertebral arches Often leads to a severe inflammation of the spinal meninges

Figure 17.14: Spina bifida

Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Toxoplasmosis Caused by the bacterium Toxoplasma gondii May be contracted by exposure to animal feces, most commonly from household pets such as cats Can cross placental blood barrier, causing birth defects or miscarriage

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices Abortifacient Drug that induces abortion Amniocentesis Surgical puncture to aspirate, and analyze, a small amount of amniotic fluid to detect possible fetal abnormalities

Figure 17.15: Amniocentesis

Figure 17.15 (continued): Amniocentesis

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) Amniography X-ray imaging of the amnion after injecting a contrast medium Image: amniogram

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) Amnioscopy Examination of amniotic fluid and the fetus with an amnioscope, which is introduced into the cervical canal Amniotomy Incision through the amnion, which ruptures the membrane as an inducement to labor

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) Cesarean section Surgical delivery by making an incision through the abdomen and uterus Abbreviated C-section

Delivery of Infant—C-section Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on C-section infant delivery. Back to Directory

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) Embryology Study of embryonic development Episiotomy Incision through the perineum, often during labor, to prevent its tearing Fetometry Measurement of size of fetus

Figure 17.16: Episiotomy

Figure 17. 17: Fetometry Source: Callen, P. W Figure 17.17: Fetometry Source: Callen, P.W. Ultrasonography on obstetrics and gynecology (2nd ed., p. 50). Copyright 1998, with permission from Elsevier Science.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) Geriatrics Medical discipline concerned with old age Gerontologist Physician who practices in the field of gerontology Gerontology Medical discipline concerned with the effects of aging Abbreviated GER

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) Obstetrical sonography Ultrasound imaging of the pregnant uterus to observe fetal development Image: sonogram Obstetrician Physician who practices in the field of obstetrics

Figure 17.18: Obstetrical sonography

Figure 17.18 (continued): Vaginal ultrasound probe

Figure 17.19: Sonogram Source: Photo Researchers, Inc.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) Obstetrics Medical discipline concerned with prenatal development, pregnancy, childbirth, and the 42-day period following childbirth Abbreviated OB

Postpartum Assessment Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of postpartum assessment. Back to Directory

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) Pediatrician Physician who practices in the field of pediatrics Pediatrics Medical discipline concerned with infancy, childhood, and adolescence Abbreviated PED

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) Pelvimetry Measurement of a mother’s pelvis to determine the potential size of the birth canal Thalidomide Drug administered to pregnant women for a brief period during the 1950s that has been shown to cause dramatic birth defects in their infants, including underdevelopment of arms and legs

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) Therapeutic abortion Termination of pregnancy by surgery or drugs Abbreviated TAB Tocolytic agent Drug used to stop labor contractions

Pharmaceuticals Abortifacients Anesthetics Corticosteroid creams Fertility agents Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Oral contraceptive pills Oxytocin

Abbreviations C-section DOB EDD GER HMD LMP NB

Abbreviations (cont.) OB OB/GYN PED PIH RDS SAB TAB

Classroom Response System Pretest

What is the meaning of the prefix nulli-? many none after the number nine

What is the meaning of the prefix nulli-? many none after the number nine

Which is the combining form meaning pregnancy? obstetr/o gravid/o omphal/o puerper/o

Which is the combining form meaning pregnancy? obstetr/o gravid/o omphal/o puerper/o

A pregnant woman who has been previously pregnant one or more times is described as being: nulligravida puerpera gravidopuerperal multigravida

A pregnant woman who has been previously pregnant one or more times is described as being: nulligravida puerpera gravidopuerperal multigravida

The period of a mother’s life from the termination of labor to the return of a reproductively capable uterus is: puerperium primigravida senescence nulligravida

The period of a mother’s life from the termination of labor to the return of a reproductively capable uterus is: puerperium primigravida senescence nulligravida

The developing human from the eighth week after conception to the moment of birth is called: embryo fetus neonate amnion

The developing human from the eighth week after conception to the moment of birth is called: embryo fetus neonate amnion

What is a breech presentation during childbirth? the child is delivered during childbirth the child is delivered through cesarean section the child is delivered normally the child is delivered buttocks, feet, or knees first

What is a breech presentation during childbirth? the child is delivered during childbirth the child is delivered through cesarean section the child is delivered normally the child is delivered buttocks, feet, or knees first

Classroom Response System Post-test

pediatrician obstetrician podiatrist urologist Which of the following is a physician that specializes in the field of prenatal development, pregnancy, childbirth, and the period before childbirth? pediatrician obstetrician podiatrist urologist

pediatrician obstetrician podiatrist urologist Which of the following is a physician that specializes in the field of prenatal development, pregnancy, childbirth, and the period before childbirth? pediatrician obstetrician podiatrist urologist

A false pregnancy is called a: dystocia pseudocyesis amniocentesis polyhydramnios

A false pregnancy is called a: dystocia pseudocyesis amniocentesis polyhydramnios

A premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall is known as: amniorrhexis abruptio placentae choramnionitis polyhydramnios

A premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall is known as: amniorrhexis abruptio placentae choramnionitis polyhydramnios

ectopic pregnancy eclampsia salpingocyesis omphalocele What is the condition characterized by convulsions and possibly coma during pregnancy? ectopic pregnancy eclampsia salpingocyesis omphalocele

ectopic pregnancy eclampsia salpingocyesis omphalocele What is the condition characterized by convulsions and possibly coma during pregnancy? ectopic pregnancy eclampsia salpingocyesis omphalocele

therapeutic abortion episiotomy cesarean section amnioscopy What is the term for a surgical delivery performed by making an incision through the abdomen and uterus? therapeutic abortion episiotomy cesarean section amnioscopy

therapeutic abortion episiotomy cesarean section amnioscopy What is the term for a surgical delivery performed by making an incision through the abdomen and uterus? therapeutic abortion episiotomy cesarean section amnioscopy