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Mehran University College Of Engineering And Technology Khairpur Mir’s Name:- Gul Nawaz Khan Mahar Roll No:- (12-K,EL 17), (12-K,EL 01), (12-K,EL 03), (52) Assignment:- Computer Applications & E-Learning Teacher:- Engineer Ahsanullah Memon Last Date of Submission:- 03-3-2012

Basic components of RADAR System: Synchronizer Transmitter Duplexer switch Power Supply Antenna Display Receiver

Radar equation: The power Pr returning to the receiving antenna is given by the radar equation: where; Pt = transmitter power Gt = gain of the transmitting antenna Ar = effective aperture (area) of the receiving antenna σ = radar cross section, or scattering coefficient, of the target F = pattern propagation factor Rt = distance from the transmitter to the target Rr = distance from the target to the receiver.

Radio Waves Type of EM radiation Travel with speed of light Wavelength 100 meters to 30 cm Frequency 3 MHz to 1000 MHz Naturally occurring Artificially generated

Parabolic Antenna

Doppler Effect Where :- f is the apparent frequency v is velocity of wave in the medium vobs is the velocity of the receiver relative to the medium; positive if the receiver is moving towards the source. vs is the velocity of the source relative to the medium; positive if the source is moving away from the receiver fO is the frequency of wave

Applications of RADAR: Search RADAR scans a large area Targeting RADAR scans a small area Navigational RADAR used on commercial ships and aircrafts Mapping RADAR remote sensing and geographic applications Weather RADAR locate precipitation, its motion & future RADAR is used for Air Traffic Control

Incoherent Scatter Radar: A RADAR application Used to study the earth’s Ionosphere and its interaction with the upper atmosphere, the magnetosphere and the solar wind

RADAR can measure Pressure The strength of the echo received from the Ionosphere measures the number of electrons able to scatter radio waves or what we call -The Electron Pressure

RADAR in weather forecasting Locate precipitation Calculate its motion Estimate its type (rain, snow) Forecasts future position and intensity

Conclusion: Radar is a way to detect and study far off objects by transmitting a radio pulse in the direction of the target and observing the reflection of the wave. Its basically a radio echo.

Thank You Arvind Chaubey