Chapter 10 The Muslim World, 600–1250 Tolerance of other cultures and a focus on learning help Muslim leaders build an empire that includes parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe. Blue Mosque, inspired by Muslim tradition. Istanbul, Turkey. NEXT

The Muslim World, 600–1250 SECTION 1 The Rise of Islam SECTION 2 Islam Expands SECTION 3 Muslim Culture These are my notes for slide 2 NEXT

The Rise of Islam Section 1 Muhammad unifies the Arab people both politically and through the religion of Islam. NEXT

The Rise of Islam Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes SECTION 1 The Rise of Islam Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes The Arabian Peninsula • A crossroads of three continents: Africa, Asia, and Europe • Mostly desert with small amount of fertile land Desert and Town Life • Bedouins, Arab nomads, thrive in the desert • Bedouins live in clans, which give support to members • Some Arabs settle near oases or market towns The Arabian Peninsula, located in Southwest Asia, was at the center of all contact between Africa, Asia and Europe. The area acted as a bridge for communication, trade, ideas, and the spread of language, religion, and beliefs. The area was mostly desert except for small fertile stretches. The religion of Islam proved to be a powerful set of ideas spread through this region. Arab nomads called Bedouins organized themselves in tribes and clans to provide local security and support the livelihood of their members. Because of the harsh desert conditions, the Bedouins were known for their loyalty and courage. They also developed warrior skills to protect their Islamic way of life. Those who settled in the small fertile areas and larger oases thrived more than those in the desert. NEXT

Crossroads of Trade and Ideas SECTION 1 continued Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes Crossroads of Trade and Ideas • Many sea and land trade routes pass through Arabia • Trade extends to the Byzantine and Sassanid empires to the north Mecca • Pilgrims come to Mecca to worship at the Ka’aba, an ancient shrine • Arabs associate shrine with Hebrew prophet Abraham and monotheism • Some tribes worship many gods and spirits, bring idols to Ka’aba • Some Arabs believe in one God—Allah in Arabic By the 600s, Arabian trade routes had connected to the major oceans and land routes, such as the famous Silk Road. The routes connected the two major empires of the time, the Byzantines and the Persians (Saddanids). Besides spreading ideas and information, these routs were crucial for trading precious goods such as spices to the west. On the trade routes, Pilgrims would stop at Mecca to worship at the sacred site known as the Ka’aba. Many Arabs associated the site with the Hebrew prophet Abraham who believed in one god. On the Arabian Peninsula, monotheism associated with Allah. Many Christians and Jews lived here, practicing monotheism. From this mix of people becomes the origin of Muhammad as the Prophet of Islam. NEXT

The Prophet Muhammad Early Life Revelations SECTION 1 The Prophet Muhammad Early Life • Around A.D. 570 Muhammad is born into a powerful Meccan clan • Becomes a trader, marries wealthy businesswoman, Khadijah Revelations • By age 40, Muhammad spends much time in prayer and meditation • He hears angel Gabriel tell him he is a messenger of Allah • Muhammad founds religion of Islam— “submission to the will of Allah” • Many join him and become Muslim—“one who has submitted” Muhammad was born into a powerful clan in Mecca, but was orphaned at the age of 6. Raised by grandfather and uncle, he receives little education considering his origin in a wealthy family. He became a trader on the caravan routes. He met a wealthy businesswoman at the age of 25 whom he eventually married. By the time he is 40, Muhammad spends much of his time studying and meditating. His life changed when he heard a voice call out time him. Claiming to hear from the angel Gabriel, stating that he was a messenger of Allah. Muhammad believed that Allah had spoken to him through Gabriel, to tell him that tthere is no other God. Muhammad devoted his life to being the prophet and his followers became known as Muslims. Muhammad preached in the Mecca, but his ideas were initially very controversial because his monotheistic beliefs rejected traditional Arab gods and beliefs. NEXT

SECTION 1 continued The Prophet Muhammad The Hijrah • Muhammad’s followers are attacked; together they leave Mecca in 622 • Hijrah—the Muslim migration from Mecca to Yathrib (renamed Medina) • Muhammad attracts many more followers, becomes great leader: - political leader—joins Jews and Arabs of Medina as a single community - religious leader—draws more converts to Islam - military leader—tackles growing hostilities between Mecca and Medina NEXT

SECTION 1 continued The Prophet Muhammad Returning to Mecca • In 630, Muhammad and 10,000 followers return to Mecca • Meccan leaders surrender • Muhammad destroys idols in Ka’aba • Meccans convert to Islam • Muhammad unifies Arabian Peninsula Muhammad died 2 years after unifying the Arabian Peninsula under the beliefs of Islam. NEXT

Beliefs and Practices of Islam SECTION 1 Beliefs and Practices of Islam Islam • The main teaching of Islam is that there is only one god, Allah • People are responsible for their own actions; there is good and evil • Islamic monument in Jerusalem—Dome of the Rock • Muslims believe Muhammad rose to heaven here to learn Allah’s will • Jews believe Abraham was prepared to sacrifice son Isaac at same site NEXT

SECTION 1 continued Beliefs and Practices of Islam The Five Pillars • Muslims must carry out five duties—the Five Pillars of Islam - statement of faith to Allah and to Muhammad as his prophet - pray five times a day, can use a mosque— Islamic house of worship - give alms, or money for the poor - fast between dawn and sunset during holy month of Ramadan - perform the hajj—pilgrimage to Mecca—at least once The Five Pillars: Faith to Allah and Muhammad as the prophet Prayer five times a day (toward the Mecca) in a mosque or other place Alms – money for the poor and less fortunate, social responsibility (special religious tax) Fasting – simple meal at end of the day (spiritual needs greater than physical needs) Pilgrimage – all who are physically and financially able, all wearing identical garments to represent equal status NEXT

A Way of Life Sources of Authority SECTION 1 continued Beliefs and Practices of Islam A Way of Life • Customs and traditions guide Muslim’s lives • Scholar class, ulama, and teachers apply religion to life; no priests Sources of Authority • Original source of authority for Muslims is Allah • Qur’an—holy book, contains revelations Muhammad received from Allah • Muslims follow Sunna—Muhammad’s example for proper living • Guidance of Qur’an and Sunna assembled in body of law—shari’a Way of life: Muslims live the religion by serving their community. Forbidden to eat port or drink intoxicating beverages. Fridays are for communal worship. No priests of leaders – pray to Allah directly. Qur’an is written in Arabic – the only true version of the revelations. Shari’a law regulates business and community life for muslims. NEXT

Links to Judaism and Christianity SECTION 1 continued Beliefs and Practices of Islam Links to Judaism and Christianity • To Muslims, Allah is same God worshiped by Christians and Jews • Qur’an, Gospels, Torah—contain God’s will as revealed through others • Muslims, Christians, and Jews trace their roots to Abraham • All three religions believe in heaven, hell, and a day of judgement • Shari’a law requires Muslim leaders to extend religious tolerance Jesus is a prophet, not the son of God. NEXT

Section 2 Islam Expands In spite of internal conflicts, the Muslims create a huge empire that includes land on three continents. NEXT

Islam Expands Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam A New Leader SECTION 2 Islam Expands Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam A New Leader • In 632 Muhammad dies; Muslims elect Abu-Bakr to be first caliph • Caliph, title for Muslim leader, means “successor” or “deputy” “Rightly Guided” Caliphs • First four caliphs guided by the Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions • Jihad, armed struggle against unbelievers, used to expand Islam • By 750, Muslim empire stretches from Atlantic Ocean to Indus River The first four Caliphs followed Muhammads teachings the closest as they had all known the prophet. The uses the Qur’an and the prophet’s actions as guidance. They are the “rightly guided” Caliphs. The Caliphs utilized Jihad to combat unbelievers, those who had abandoned Islam or refused to pay the taxes. This was utilized the justify the spread of Islam. NEXT

Treatment of Conquered Peoples SECTION 2 continued Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam Reasons for Success • Muslim armies are well disciplined and expertly commanded • Byzantine and Sassanid empires are weak from previous conflict • Persecuted citizens of these empires welcome Islam • Attracted to Islam’s offer of equality and hope Treatment of Conquered Peoples • Muslim invaders tolerate other religions • Christians, Jews receive special consideration as “people of the book” NEXT

Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis SECTION 2 Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis Rise of the Umayyads • Struggles for power end the elective system of choosing a caliph • Wealthy family, Umayyads, take power; move Muslim capital to Damascus Sunni—Shi’a Split • Shi’a—“party” of Ali—believe caliph should be Muhammad’s descendant • Sunni—followers of Muhammad’s example— support Umayyads • Sufi followers pursue life of poverty, spirituality; reject Umayyads • In 750, a rebel group—the Abbasids—topple the Umayyads With the last of the rightly guided Caliphs came the end of the elective system of choosing a successor. With the murder of two of the caliphs, civil war erupted in which various groups struggled for power. The Umayyads came to power and moved the capital to Damascus, where they could control conquered lands easier. Traditional Arab Muslims felt the capital was too far away from their lands, and the new leaders distanced themselves from others by surrounding themselves with wealth and ceremony rather than living a simple life. Majority of Muslims are Sunni (86%) 16% are Shi’a After political conflict, tensions climaxed with the fall of the Umayyads at the hands of rebel groups, the largest of which known as the Abbasids. NEXT

Control Extends Over Three Continents SECTION 2 Control Extends Over Three Continents Fall of the Umayyads • Abbasids murder Umayyad family; one prince escapes, Abd al-Rahman • Flees to Spain; establishes new Umayyad caliphate in al-Andalus • al-Andalus—Muslim state in southern Spain settled by North Africans Abbasids Consolidate Power • In 762, Abbasids move Muslim capital from Damascus to Baghdad • Location provides access to trade goods, gold, information • Abbasids develop strong bureaucracy to manage empire The Muslim capital was moved to Baghdad, Iraq to consolidate the power. Abbasids developed a bureaucracy, including a treasuring to keep track of money flow, a special department to manage the military business, and diplomatic missions to courts away in Europe, Africa, and Asia. The Abbasids taxed land, imports and exports, and non-Muslim to support their empire. NEXT

Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands SECTION 2 continued Control Extends Over Three Continents Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands • Independent Muslim states spring up; Shi’a Muslims form new caliphate • Fatimid caliphate—claim descent from Fatima, daughter of Muhammad • Begins in North Africa; spreads to Red Sea, western Arabia and Syria Muslim Trade Network • Muslims trade by land and sea with Asia and Europe • Muslim merchants use Arabic, single currency, and checks • Córdoba, in al-Andalus, is dazzling center of Muslim culture The Abbasid caliphate lasted from 750-1258. Ultimately, they were unable to keep control over independent Muslim states forming within their empire. These local leaders ended up taking political control over the vast area. Muslims controlled trade beween the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. They also utilized the Silk Road to connect to China and India and Europe with Africa. Muslims had a single currency and banks were established to encourage the flow of trade. Banks offered letters of credit, known as sakks to the merchants. They could exchange it for cash at a bank in any other city in the region. The use of checks dates back to the Muslim empire Muslim cities of Cordoba, Damascus, Cairo and Baghdad were once the centers of art and science achievement. NEXT

Muslim Culture Section 3 Muslims combine and preserve the traditions of many peoples and also advance learning in a variety of areas. NEXT

Muslim Culture Muslim Society The Rise of Muslim Cities SECTION 3 Muslim Culture Muslim Society The Rise of Muslim Cities • Leading cities include Damascus, Baghdad, Córdoba, Cairo, Jerusalem • Baghdad, impressive Abbasid capital; population around one million Four Social Classes • Muslim society: Muslims at birth, converts, protected people, slaves • “Protected people” were Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians Under the Abbasids, Muslim cities were luxurious and flowing with riches. They supported science, mathematics, and philosophy, along with preserving knowledge and producing original learning. The empire attracted people from all over, bringing Arabic and international cultures together. Muslim society was considered the most sophisticated at the time, perhaps only matched by the Tang Empire of China. Slaves were often prisoners of war and always non-Muslim. Slaves performed home duties or were in the military. Women had more economic and property rights than women in Europe, India, or China. Men could easily divorce women, effective in three months. Women had access to an education if they were in a wealthy family. All women were responsible for raising the children. Over time, women were forced to live increasingly isolate lives. Role of Women • Women enjoy some rights but expected to submit to men • Women’s responsibilities vary with husbands’ income NEXT

Muslim Scholarship Extends Knowledge SECTION 3 Muslim Scholarship Extends Knowledge Muslims Support Learning • Muslims use scientific knowledge to help fulfill religious duties • Muhammad valued power of learning, study, scholarship • Muslim scholars preserve and translate scientific, philosophical texts • House of Wisdom—Bagdad institute: library, academy, translation center NEXT

Art and Sciences Flourish SECTION 3 Art and Sciences Flourish Muslim Literature • Qu’ran is standard for Arabic literature; praise for Muhammad, Islam • Abbasid caliphate poets write of nature, life, and love • Popular literature includes The Thousand and One Nights Muslim Art and Architecture • Islam discourages images of living things, artists turn to calligraphy • Calligraphy—art of beautiful handwriting • Architecture of Muslim mosques is blend of many cultures NEXT

Math and Science Stretch Horizons SECTION 3 continued Art and Sciences Flourish Medical Advances • Persian al-Razi is greatest physician, from 500 to 1500 • Al-Razi writes encyclopedia of medical knowledge Math and Science Stretch Horizons • Muslim scientists solve problems through experimentation • Al-Khwarizmi develops algebra and writes textbook • Mathematician Ibn al-Haytham changes ideas about vision NEXT

Philosophy and Religion Blend Views SECTION 3 Philosophy and Religion Blend Views Scholars Promote New Ideas • Ibn Rushd is criticized for blending Greek philosophy with Islam • Jewish philosopher Maimonides faces opposition for his ideas • Blends philosophy, religion, science in The Guide for the Perplexed The “Ideal Man” • Muslims recognize values of many cultures; enjoy a blended culture • Emerging Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal empires reflect Muslim culture NEXT