Chapter 18 Classification

Taxonomy Carolus Linnaeus’ system: the science of classification Uses Latin…descriptive, universal, “dead” language that never changes Uses binomial nomenclature Two word naming system of Genus & species = scientific name Uses hierarchy of categories (taxons) from general to specific:

Taxonomic levels Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Felidae Genus Lynx Species Lynx rufus Lynx canadensis Bobcat Lynx

Kingdom…Phylum…Class…Order…Family… Genus species…(variety) or (breed)

Who am I?

Who am I? Puma, Mountain lion, Cougar, Panther Scientific Name: Felis concolor The Puma holds the Guinness record for the animal with the highest number of names. It has more than 40 names in English. Puma, Mountain lion, Cougar, Panther

Comparing related animals Lynx House cat Lynx canadensis, lynx Felis concolor, mountain lion Felis domesticus, house cat Which two are more related? How do you know? Mountain lion

Human classification: Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo species sapiens

Remember the 2 Cell Types? Prokaryotic Small, simple cells without membrane-bound organelles; i.e. bacteria Eukaryotic Large, complex cells containing many specialized organelles, nucleus; i.e. plants, animals, protists & fungi

All living things are divided into groups based on: Cell types (Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic) Cell structure (cell walls, chloroplasts?) Number of cells (unicellular vs. multicellular) Movement (motile or non-motile) Mode of nutrition (autotroph, heterotroph, saprobe)

Domains Largest , most inclusive group Archaea: Prokaryotic cells 1 kingdom: Archaebacteria Bacteria: Prokaryotic cells 1 kingdom: Eubacteria Eukarya: Eukaryotic cells 4 kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Kingdom Archaebacteria Most live in extreme environments Most do not use oxygen to respire (anaerobic). Ancestor to eukaryotes Unicellular Cell walls lack peptidoglycan Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic Some motile, others non-motile Examples: Halophiles, methanogens.

Kingdom Eubacteria Unicellular Very strong cell walls (peptidoglycan) Autotrophic or heterotrophic diverse habitat Some motile, other non-motile Ex: streptococcus, Escherichia coli

Kingdom Protista Most are unicellular, few are multicellular lacks complex organ systems lives in moist environments diverse metabolism/motility Animal-Like Plant-Like (cellulose, chloroplasts) Fungus-Like Ex: Amoeba, euglena, slime molds

Fungi overview Saprobes: decomposes matter by absorbing materials Multicellular (mushrooms) or unicellular (yeast) Cell walls (chitin) Non-motile

Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic: Photosynthetic Immobile Cells contain chloroplasts Immobile Cell walls (cellulose) Ex: grass, rose

Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Mobile (at one point during their lifetime) Lack cell walls Diverse habitats Heterotrophic Ex: insects, worms, squirrels, birds

Organism Number Described Estimated number to be Discovered Viruses 5,000 about 500,000 Bacteria 4,000 400,000-300 million Fungi 70,000 1-1.5 million Protozoans 40,000 100,000-200,000 Algae 200,000-10 million Flowering plants 250,000 300,000-500,000 Roundworms 15,000 500,000-1 million Mollusks 200,000 Crustaceans 150,000 Spiders and mites 75,000 750,000-10 million Insects 950,000 8-100 million Vertebrates 45,000 50,000

Exit Ticket Which characteristic describes these three organisms? Unicellular Heterotrophic Prokaryotic Phototrophic

How do we identify organisms?

Dichotomous key: system to identify organisms and their scientific names A key is made up of sets of numbered statements. Each set deals with a single characteristic of an organism, such as leaf shape (toothed or smooth edge) or number of teeth (more than 30 or less than 30). It’s kind of like the game 20 questions

Phylogeny

Phylogeny: Studying the evolutionary histories and relationships of organisms Cladistics: a phylogenic study that assumes when probable groups of organisms diverged and evolved Allosaurus Velociraptor Archaeopteryx Sinornis Theropods Feathers with shaft, veins, and barbs Flight feathers; arms as long as legs 3-toed foot; wishbone Down feathers Light bones

Cladograms “Family tree” that represents evolutionary relationships (and not just physical appearances)

CLADOGRAM Jaws Lungs Claws or Nails Feathers Hagfish Fish Frog Lizard Pigeon Mouse Chimp Fur & Mammary Glands

Evolution and the 6 Kingdoms Nutritional types Auto(photo) Hetero(absorb) Hetero(ingest) Plantae Fungi Animalia (Seaweeds) Multi Uni Protista Eu Pro Bacteria Evolution and the 6 Kingdoms

What determines evolutionary relationship? Anatomy and physiology Common structures imply a common ancestor. Breeding and behavior patterns Geographic distribution DNA and biochemistry DNA comparisons between these plants show almost no difference.