Introduction to the Kingdoms Packet #5 Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Diversity How are organisms related? How are organisms different? How and why do we divide organisms into groups? Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Classification Provides scientists with a means for sorting and grouping these organisms for easier study Names and orders organisms in a logical order. Taxonomy The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Taxonomy Kingdoms Phylums Class Order Family Genus Species Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Nomenclature In order to keep track of millions of species that have been discovered and classified, a system of naming (nomenclature) has been developed that uses the scheme of classification as its basis. System of naming uses two names Binomial nomenclature Devised by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century GENUS--always capitalized Species--always lowercase Latin Homo--Human sapian--Wise Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Important Vocabulary Autotroph Heterotroph Organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms. Two classes Chemoautotroph Produce food/energy from chemicals found in their environment Photoautotrophs Produce food/energy from light via photosynthesis Heterotroph An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products. Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Important Vocabulary Prokaryote Eukaryote An organism (cell) that lacks membrane bound organelles Eukaryote An organism (cell) with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other organelles These cells are present in plants, fungi, animals--hence these organisms are called eukaryotes Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Kingdoms The class will be introduced to the 6 Kingdom System Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Kingdom Archaebacteria “archae” means ancient Extremely old group These bacteria survive in extreme environments Structure/Shape Prokaryotes Rods Spirilla (spiral) Cocci Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Kingdom Archaebacteria Nutrition Autotrophs Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Kingdom Archaebacteria Examples Chemoautotrophs Methanogens Live in the deep areas of the ocean where there is no sunlight Thermophiles Photoautotrophs Halophiles Live in some of the most extreme conditions Great Salt Lake (Utah) Dead Sea Salt content is extremely high in these bodies of water Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Kingdom Eubacteria Known as the “disease causing agents” Only a few of these organisms actually cause diseases Structure/Shape Prokaryotes Rods Spirilla (Spiral) Cocci Bacilli Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Kingdom Eubacteria Nutrition Oxygen Requirement Movement Autotrophs Heterotrophs Oxygen Requirement Aerobic Require oxygen for respiration Anaerobic Does not require oxygen Movement Via flagella Also found on sperm Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Kingdom Eubacteria Examples Rickettsias Cyanobacteria Carried by ticks, fleas or flies Causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Cyanobacteria Converts Nitrogen gas into ammonia, nitrates or nitrites Remember the Nitrogen Cycle? Found in the rice patties of Asia (where rice is grown) Rice feeds 75% of the human population Some species produce toxins dangerous to humans Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Kingdom Eubacteria Examples Clostridia Clostridium tetani Causes tetnus Clostridium perfringens Causes gas gangrene Causes food poisoning A spore-forming, toxin-producing bacterium that can contaminate meat left at room temperature. The ingested cells release toxin in the digestive tract, resulting in cramps and diarrhea Clostridium botulinum Causes botulism Used in botox injections Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Clostridum perfringens Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Gas Gangrene Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Kingdom Protista Details to come in Packet #6 Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Kingdom Fungi Considered as the “kingdom of lower plants Organisms live as parasites, symbionts or saphrophytes Structure/Shape Unicellular or Multicellular Heterotrophs Contain cell walls with no cellulose Reproduction Asexual and/or Sexual Reproduction Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Kingdom Fungi Some are pathogenic to humans and plants because they release poisonous toxins Superficial Mycoses Ring worm Caused by Tinea nigra Subcutaneous Mycoses Lesions that appear at the site of inoculation/infection Ergot (Plants) Fungus that infects various cereal plants Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Kingdom Fungi Examples Positive impacts of Fungi Phylum Zygomycota Bread mold Phylum Ascomycota Yeasts Yeast infection anyone? Positive impacts of Fungi Source of antibiotics Penicillin Source of vitamins and enzymes Used in the production of alcohol, vinegar and cheese. Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Kingdom Fungi Division Zygomycota Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Kingdom Fungi Division Ascomycota Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Kingdom Plante Structure/Shape Mainly autotrophs Eukaryotes Exception Venus Fly Trap Eukaryotes Multicellular Have cell walls that contain cellulose Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Kingdom Plante Reproduction Sexual Asexual Gametophytes Display “alternation of generations” Cells alternate between haploid and diplod states Definition to come later Asexual African violets Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Kingdom Animalia Structure/Shape Reproduction Heterotrophs Eukaryotes Multicelluar Have members without cell walls Reproduction Sexual Humans Asexual Hydra Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Interaction Between Organisms Food Chain The pathway along which food is transferred from trophic level to trophic level starting with producers Green plant absorbs sunlight Herbivore consumes plant Carnivore consumes herbivore Several more carnivores may be here Final Link--saprophyte organism Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Food Chain Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Food Web Interconnected feeding relationships Map of various food chains connected together Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Players of the Food Web I Organisms in the Food Web can be categorized as follows Producer Responsible for trapping sun’s radiant energy Green Plants; algae Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Players of the Food Web II Consumer Include Herbivores Primary consumer 1st to trap energy trapped by producers Carnivores Secondary consumers Do not have direct access to plant energy Omnivores May either be primary or secondary consumers Primary when they eat plant matter Secondary when they eat animal matter Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Players of the Food Web III Decomposers Include saprophytic fungi and bacteria Responsible for breaking down dead carcasses to simpler forms to be used by other living things Recyclers Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Food Web Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 http://www.agen.ufl.edu/%7Echyn/age2062/lect/lect_28/40_07.GIF Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008

Kingdoms… To be Continued More on Kingdoms Protista, Plante & Animalia to come. Wednesday, November 28, 2018Wednesday, November 28, 2018 © Ryan Barrow 2008