دکتر عطا اله نایب زاده A. Nayebzadeh PhD., CIH

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Presentation transcript:

دکتر عطا اله نایب زاده A. Nayebzadeh PhD., CIH ایمنی و بهداشت کار در بخش بهداشت و درمان Occupational health and safety in health care دکتر عطا اله نایب زاده A. Nayebzadeh PhD., CIH

مقدمه بهداشت حرفه ای مربوط به تمام حرف بخش قابل توجهی از نیروی کار در بهداشت و درمان مسائل بهداشت حرفه ای این بخش نادیده گرفته شده مخاطرات ناشی از کار در این بخش متنوع هستند تحول در 30-20 سال گذشته در کشور های توسعه یافته: بیماریهای اسکلتی استخوانی گاز بیهوشی ، لاتکس ایدز، توبر کلوزیس، سارس

وضعیت در کشور ما: حدود 700 بیمارستان دولتی چند صد بیمارستان خصوصی بیمارستانهای تامین اجتماعی، وزارت نفت، ساصد، ناجا، ارتش سپاه، مخابرات، شهرداری.... -- تعداد کل بیمارستانها؟، تعداد تخت؟، مساحت؟ -- تعداد کل شاغلین بیمارستانها ؟ -- خدمات ایمنی و بهداشت کار: ناچیز

سایر بخش های بهداشتی در مانی آزمایشگاههای تشخیص طبی (بیوشیمی، میکروبیولوژی، سرولوژی ، پاتولوژی....) لابراتوارهای دندان سازی رادیولوژی کلینیک و درمانگاه ها خانه های بهداشت مطب های پزشکی و دندانپزشکی بخش تحقیقات پزشکی جمعیت شاغل در بخش بهداشت و درمان کشور؟؟

ایمنی و بهداشت کار در بیمارستانها عوامل شیمیایی محیط کار عوامل فیزیکی محیط کار عوامل مکانیکی محیط کار عوامل بیولوژیک محیط کار Anticipation Recognition Evaluation Control

عوامل شیمیایی محیط کار تعداد کثیری از مواد شیمیایی در این بخش استفاده میشوند مصارف عبارتند از: ضد عفونی کننده و استریل کننده ( گلوترالدهید، فرمالدهید، پری استیک اسید، اکسید اتیلن) حلالهای آلی ( بنزن، تولوئن، استون.....) بیهوشی ( (N2O, Halotane, Isoflourane, Savoflorane آزمایشگاهی و تحقیقاتی اندازه گیری ( جیوه) نظافت عمومی لاتکس و سایر

عوامل فیزیکی محیط کار اشعه های یونیزان اشعه های غیریونیزان الکترومگنتیک ( اشعه X ) پارتیکل ها ( اشعه گاما آلفا بتا) اشعه های غیریونیزان امواج ماکروویو امواج میدان های مغناطیسی استاتیک ((MRI لیزر امواج IR, UV, Ultrasound؟؟

عوامل مکانیکی محیط کار حمل بیمار کمک به جابجایی بیمار حمل مواد، کارت مواد غذایی کارهای تکراری پوسچرغیر صحیح کاری

عوامل بیولوژیک محیط کار عوامل پاتوژن هوابرد Airborne pathogens باسیل توبر کلوریس ویروس آنفولانزا آبله مرغان و مننژیت عوامل پاتوژن خون برد Blood borne pathogens هپاتیت B HIV

حفاظت تنفسی در مقابل پاتوژن ها پاتوژن ها به صورت آئروسول قدرت پراکندگی و ماندگاری بالا در هوا قطر آئرو دینامیکی 0.1 تا 5 میکرومتر قابلیت بالا در نفوذ به دستگاه تنفسی انجام ارزیابی وجود و یا عدم وجود آنها در هوا غیر ممکن تشخیص بر اساس ارزیابی ریسک نوع مرکز بهداشتی درمانی نوع بیماران، توزیع بیماریها در منطقه نوع کلینیک یا واحد مربوطه و خدمات ارئه شده

استفاده غیر صحیح بسیار متداول فیلتر های خاص HEPA مورد تایید NIOSH راندمان 95%، 97% 99و/99% برای پارتیکلهای 0.3 میکرومتری نوع مورد تایید برای پاتوژن های هوابرد 95% سازندگان مورد تایید NIOSH

Factors Affecting The Level of Exposure of Operating Personnel to Nitrous Oxide A. Nayebzadeh PhD (McGill University) Certified Industrial Hygienist (USA)

Reproductive toxic effects of N2O Since 70s epidemiological studies indicated positive association between N2O exposure and spontaneous abortion and birth defects Studies showed increased risk as much as threefold In 1994 NIOSH published a warning

Introduction Preventive leave in Québec as soon as pregnancy is confirmed 90% salary until the end of pregnancy Zero exposure policy for N2O TLV-TWA 50 ppm Quebec program unique in North America Lack of previous environmental survey Huge cost for an ambiguous risk

Objectives To evaluate the level of exposure to N2O among female OR personnel To determine factors affecting the level of exposure To assess needs to review the Québec preventive leave program

Method and Material (1) McGill University Health Centre Five university hospitals 11500 employees 36 active operating rooms 130 nurses (f), 44 techs (f), other 24 (f) Team of HSE including IH and IH techs

Method and Material (2) Use of MIRAN 1B2 (IR spectrophotometer) for direct reading and leak testing High P and low P testing and general monitoring in the OR blocks Use of Nitrous Oxide passive samplers followed by thermal desorption and IR analyzer 80 badges for shift-long monitoring of female employees Three hospitals within 3 months

Method and Material (3) Employees were given a complete instruction Time spent in the OR type of surgery were recorded HP and LP leak number and concentrations were recorded Randomly selected days, employees Multiple-day sampling

Results (Direct reading) One hospital did not have any HP leak Two other hospitals has one and three HP leaks each (100-600 ppm) HP leak created an ambient baseline concentrations of 0.5 to 10 ppm in the OR Majority of ORs had several LP leaks (25-250 ppm) Ambient level N2O after simulation in the OR 0.5-14 ppm

Results (Passive sampling) TWA- GM concentration <2 ppm for hospital with no HP leak 15/18 not detectable TWA-GM <2 ppm for hospital with one HP leak 17/21 not detectable TWA-GM 4.5 ppm for hospital with three HP leak 7/50 not detectable Max TWA observed 11.5 ppm

Results HP leaks the most important determinant of N2O exposure Type of surgery the second most important determinant No obvious trend among job categories Overall TWA <2 ppm

Conclusion A simple management program can lead to a leak free environment Regular leak testing Training of Techs Quebec preventive program requires a complete revision The saving would be 40-50 million/y Epidemiological study can better detect the effectiveness of the Quebec program