Chapter 22: The Kennedy and Johnson Years III. Foreign Policy in the Early 1960’s

Objectives Understand the goals and the outcome of the Bay of Pigs invasion. Read to find out about events that led to the Berlin Crisis and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Discover the goals of the Alliance for Progress and the Peace Corps. Find out about Cold War conflicts in which Johnson became involved.

Bellringer What do you think should be the goals of our foreign policy? Quote 751

A) The Bay of Pigs Invasion 1959 – Communist Castro overthrew US backed Batista. USSR backed Castro – US thought revolutions would happen all over Latin America Kennedy learned of CIA plan to invade Cuba with Cuban nationalists – warned against it (752)

Bay of Pigs invasion Bay of Pigs invasion – Failed invasion of Cuba by a group of anti-Castro forces in 1961. Invasion was a disaster – Kennedy urged to provide US support – he refused – invasion ended in failure US lost prestige – Latin America angry for interfering and Europe weary of new President.

B) The Berlin Crisis USSR tries to cut of East Germans fleeing to West Germany At the Vienna Summit – Kennedy felt bullied by Khrushchev Kennedy responded by increasing US defense and draft numbers Khrushchev responded by building the Berlin Wall Berlin Wall – wall separating Communist and non-Communist Berlin – symbol of the Cold War Read 754

C) The Cuban Missile Crisis U2 spy plane found that the USSR was putting offensive weapons in Cuba The Cuban Missile Crisis – 1962 crisis that arose between the US and the USSR over Soviet attempts to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba Kennedy’s options Engage in further negotiations with USSR Invade Cuba Blockade Cuba (quarantine) Bomb the Missile Site (surgical strike)

Kennedy Decides Military on full alert Decides on blockade – USSR turns ships around Khrushchev sends letter asking for US promise not to invade Cuba in return for removing missiles Next day US receives a second letter demanding that US missiles in Turkey be removed Kennedy acknowledged first letter – 6 months later, secretly fulfilled second letter – (757) Limited Test Ban Treaty – US, USSR, UK banned nuclear testing above ground US and USSR also established a hot line for instant communication between each other to prevent further crisis.

D) The Alliance for Progress Alliance for Progress – vast cooperative effort to satisfy basic needs of people in Latin America for homes, work, land, health, and schools. Latin America thought it was a tool of the US to stop spread of communism failed

E) The Peace Corps Peace Corps – US program that sent volunteers abroad as educators, health workers, and technicians to help develop nations around the world Started by Kennedy in 1961 Promote services such as garbage removal and clean water

F) Johnson’s Foreign Policy US “invade” the Dominican Republic thinking that Communist were taking over and to protect US citizens – elections were held soon after 1963 US had 16,000 “advisors” in Vietnam – Johnson did not want communism to spread By 1965 – US sending money and troops to prop up South Vietnam

Review What were the goals of the Bay of Pigs invasion, and what was the outcome? What events led to the Berlin crisis and to the Cuban Missile Crisis? What were the goals of the Alliance for Progress and the Peace Corps? Which Cold War conflicts did Johnson become involved in?