Anatomy and Physiology Introduction Anatomy and Physiology

What is A&P Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function Gross anatomy Microanatomy Developmental

Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 1 Organelle Atoms Molecule Smooth muscle cell 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Smooth muscle tissue Cardiovascular system 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Heart Blood vessels Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. 6 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2 Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) Respiratory system Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide Food O2 CO2 Cardiovascular system Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs Blood CO2 O2 Urinary system Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions Heart Nutrients Interstitial fluid Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid Integumentary system Protects the body as a whole from the external environment Feces Urine Figure 1.2

Necessary Life Functions Maintaining boundaries between internal and external environments Movement (contractility) Responsiveness: The ability to sense and respond to stimuli Digestion Metabolism: Catabolism and anabolism Excretion: The removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion Reproduction Growth

Survival Needs Nutrients Oxygen Water Normal body temperature Affects rate of chemical reactions Appropriate atmospheric pressure

Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment a dynamic state of equilibrium Positive and Negative feedback Under constant change Neural and hormonal control systems Receptor Control center Effector

Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector. 4 3 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. Control Center Afferent pathway Efferent pathway 2 Receptor Effector 5 Receptor detects change. Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level. 1 IMBALANCE Stimulus produces change in variable. BALANCE IMBALANCE Figure 1.4

Temperature-sensitive Temperature-sensitive Control Center (thermoregulatory center in brain) Information sent along the afferent pathway to control center Information sent along the efferent pathway to effectors Afferent pathway Efferent pathway Receptors Temperature-sensitive cells in skin and brain Effectors Sweat glands Sweat glands activated Response Evaporation of sweat Body temperature falls; stimulus ends Stimulus Body temperature rises BALANCE Stimulus Body temperature falls Response Body temperature rises; stimulus ends Effectors Skeletal muscles Receptors Temperature-sensitive cells in skin and brain Efferent pathway Afferent pathway Shivering begins Information sent along the efferent pathway to effectors Information sent along the afferent pathway to control center Control Center (thermoregulatory center in brain) Figure 1.5

Body Cavities

Serous Membranes Line cavities and cover organs-linings are kept separate by the serous fluid secreted by these linings. Visceral layer Parietal layer Thoracic Membranes Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium Abdominopelvic Membranes Visceral peritoneum Parietal peritoneum

Organ Systems

The Language of A&P Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures

Body Sections

Cranial cavity Cranial cavity (contains brain) Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Vertebral cavity Superior mediastinum Dorsal body cavity Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Abdomino- pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) (a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view Figure 1.9a-b

Abdominopelvic Regions

Abdominopelvic Quadrant

Common Body Regions

Time???? Aging occurs at every level from organism down to molecular. 3rd decade- begin to notice that joints stiffen, grey hair, fine lines and wrinkles…really old for women who want kids 4th-5th decade- adult onset disorders like High BP, diabetes, heart disease, cancer ect…. 6th decade-grayer and whiter hair, more and deeper wrinkles, vaccinations do not work as well Loss of collagen, elastin, and subcutaneous fat cause wrinkles. Cell reach end of predetermined cell divisions as telomeres wear away Cell division is impaired so wound healing becomes a problem and cancer more likely

Have less mitochondria= less energy Free radicals increase in number and destroy cellular organelles Genetics will help us better understand http://www.infoaging.org/