The Work of Gregor Mendel 11-1

parents to offspring heredity how SCIENCE passed on Genetics Transmission of characteristics from _______________________is called ___________________. The _________ that studies _____ those characteristics are _________ from one generation to the next is called ___________________ parents to offspring heredity how SCIENCE passed on Genetics

Father of Genetics Gregor Mendel study understanding how genes work http://www.jic.bbsrc.ac.uk/germplas/pisum/zgs4f.htm The __________________ is _________________, a monk whose _________ of genetic traits was the beginning of our _________________ about _____________________. Father of Genetics Gregor Mendel study understanding how genes work

experiments Pea plants MALE Pollen FEMALE egg Mendel designed http://hus.yksd.com/distanceedcourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/FourthQuarter/Chapter11/11-1/images/MendelExperiment.gif Mendel designed ____________ using __________ in the monastery garden _______ part of flower makes ___________ (sperm) __________ part of flower makes _______ cells experiments Pea plants MALE Pollen FEMALE egg http://www.cedarville.edu/academics/education/resource/schools/chca/2scideb/debwebpv.htm

same Self pollinating ONE parent In pea plants, the pollen normally joins with an egg from the _______ plant (=_______________ ) so seeds have “_________________” same Self pollinating ONE parent http://hus.yksd.com/distanceedcourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/FourthQuarter/Chapter11/11-1/images/MendelExperiment.gif

MENDEL’S PEA EXPERIMENTS Mendel started his experiments with peas that were _________________ = if allowed to _________________ they would produce ____________________ to themselves. true breeding self pollinate offspring identical http://hus.yksd.com/distanceedcourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/FourthQuarter/Chapter11/11-1/images/MendelExperiment.gif

COPY THIS: MENDEL’S PEA EXPERIMENTS removed pollen Mendel ____________________ making parts and ____________ from _______ plant. This allowed him to _____________ plants with ______________ characteristics and ________ the results added pollen another cross-breed different study http://hus.yksd.com/distanceedcourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/FourthQuarter/Chapter11/11-1/images/MendelExperiment.gif

A _____________________ is called a ____________ Mendel ______________ in peas. specific characteristic trait studied 7 traits Pearson Education Inc,; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

Copy This:MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS ____ generation (_________) ____ generation (______= offspring) ___ generation parental F1 filial F2

Principles of Dominance Section 11-1 P Generation F1 Generation F2 Generation Tall Short Tall Tall Tall Tall Tall Short

crossed PURE contrasting F1 Missing returned F2 3:1 When Mendel ______________ PLANTS with 2 ______________ traits: (EX: Tall crossed with short) He always found same pattern: 1. ONLY ______ trait ____________ in the ____ generation BUT . . . 2. ___________ trait ____________ in the ____ generation in a _________ ratio contrasting ONE showed F1 Missing returned F2 3:1

PATTERNS ARE THE KEY Image modified from: http://www.laskerfoundation.org/rprimers/gnn/timeline/1866.html http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/mendel.html

__________ must be able to _______ the other. pair of FACTORS control Mendel decided that there must be a __________________ that ________each trait and that __________ must be able to _______ the other. pair of FACTORS control one factor HIDE

We now know that Mendel’s ________________ carried on the pair of________________ _________________ factors are genes homologous chromosomes http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif

trait are called ___________. ________ gene _______ for a trait are called ___________. DIFFERENT CHOICES ALLELES http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm

DOMINANT HIDES RECESSIVE is hidden by __________________ = An allele that ________ the presence of another allele __________________ = An allele that __________________ the presence of another allele HIDES RECESSIVE is hidden by

The pattern corresponds to the ____________ of ______________ during Why did the recessive trait disappear in the F1 generation and reappear in the F2? The pattern corresponds to the ____________ of ______________ during ____________________ movement chromosomes MEIOSIS Image modified from: http://www.laskerfoundation.org/rprimers/gnn/timeline/1866.html

WHAT DOES MEIOSIS HAVE TO DO WITH IT?

REMEMBER HOMOLOGOUS SEPARATE SEGREGATION _____________ chromosomes ________________ during ANAPHASE I = _________________ HOMOLOGOUS SEPARATE SEGREGATION Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif

F1 received carrying shortness ____ offspring __________ an allele for tallness from their _______ parent and an allele for shortness from their ________ parent. The F1 plants ALL ___________ but are ___________ an allele for _____________ F1 received TALL SHORT LOOK TALL carrying shortness Images from: BIOLOGY by Miller & Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006

made gametes reappears EXPLAINING the F1 CROSS LAW OF ___________________ SEGREGATION alleles are separated when the F1 plants ______________ When these gametes recombined to make the F2 generation, the _____________ trait _______________ in ¼ of the offspring made gametes recessive reappears Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller & Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006

PROBABILITY & PUNNETT SQUARES 11-2

PROBABILITY ____________________ is the __________ that a particular _________________ likelihood event will occur It can be written as a: Fraction ____ Percent ____ Ratio ____ 1/4 25% 1:3

COIN FLIP 1/2 50% 1:1 capital There are 2 possible outcomes: http://www.arborsci.com/CoolStuff/CoinFlip.jpg COIN FLIP There are 2 possible outcomes: HEADS TAILS capital The chance the coin will land on either one is: ____ ____ ____ Alleles segregate randomly just like a coin flip. . . So can use probability to predict outcomes of genetic crosses. 1/2 50% 1:1

PROBABILITIES _____ outcomes ______ affect _________ones _____________works ______ in ___________ a ________ number of events. PAST DON’T FUTURE If last coin flip was heads… there is still a 50/50 chance the next flip will be heads too. Probability predicting best large The more flips. . . The closer results will be to the expected 50:50 average.

DOMINANT/RECESSIVE T t capital Dominant Recessive lower-case _____________ allele is represented by a ____________ letter. (usually the first letter of the trait) ____________ allele is represented by the SAME _________________ letter. EX: Tall = ______ Short =______ capital Recessive lower-case T t NOT S for short

HOMOZYGOUS HETEROZYGOUS When both alleles in the pair are the _______, the organism is _______________ or __________ EX: ____ or ___ When both alleles in the pair are _____________, the organism is _________________ or _____________ Ex: ____ SAME HOMOZYGOUS PURE TT tt DIFFERENT HETEROZYGOUS HYBRID Tt

PHENOTYPE/GENOTYPE The ________________ of an organism is its _____________ The ____________of an organism is its _____________ genetic makeup GENOTYPE appearance PHENOTYPE

MAKING A CROSS for only a __________ trait = ____________________ ONE GENE MONOHYBRID CROSS A Punnett square for a MONOHYBRID CROSS looks like this:

PUNNETT SQUARES are used to show possible offspring from a cross between 2 parents _______________ go at top and on left side Boxes show ____________ ___________________ Parent alleles T T T t possible offspring combinations

STEPS FOR MAKING CROSSES Figure out parent alleles Choose Punnett size Put in parent gametes Fill in offspring combinations probabilities phenotypes genotypes 1. ___________ what _________________ are 2. ________correct__________ square __________ 3. ______ possible_______________________ 4. ______ boxes with _____________________ 5. Determine ____________of_____________& ____________

T t TALL = ____ SHORT = ____ IN PEA PLANTS Tall is dominant over short LET’S MAKE A CROSS! PURE TALL PURE SHORT X

PURE TALL parent What are the parent alleles? T T _________ HOMOZYGOUS   What gametes can it make? T T

PURE SHORT parent What are the parent alleles? t t _________ HOMOZYGOUS   What gametes can it make? t t

T t T t T t T t T t ALL _____ of the offspring ____ % ___/4 will be 100 4 T t T t Tt TALL GENOTYPE _____ PHENOTYPE _______

HYBRID TALL parent What are the parent alleles? T t _________ HETEROZYGOUS   What gametes can it make? T t

T t T t T t T T T t t t GENOTYPES ¼ = _____ ½ = _____ TT Tt tt 3/4 75 TALL PHENOTYPES ____ or ____% _________ ____ or ____% _________ 1/4 25 SHORT

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for a MONOHYBRID CROSS Tall = ____ Round seeds = ___ Short = ____ Wrinkled seeds = ___ T t r

What are the possible gametes? Homozygous Tall parent = What gametes can it produce? T T   T T

What are the possible gametes? PURE wrinkled parent = What gametes can it produce? rr   r r

What are the possible gametes? Heterozygous Round parent = What gametes can it produce? R r   R r

What are the possible gametes? Hybrid Tall parent = What gametes can it produce? Tt   T t

Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11-3 http://www.eslkidstuff.com/images/tallshort.gif http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm

GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought ENVIRONMENT influences ____________________________ the ________________________. = ________________________ Genes ________ the ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also _______ on ______________conditions. expression of genes “Nature vs Nurture” provide plan depends environmental

GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have ____________ allele __________ = ____________________ EX: blood type Allele choices ___ ___ ___ choices MORE than 2 MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT A B O

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by ____________________________ = __________________ EX: human height. intelligence, skin & eye color MORE THAN ONE GENE POLYGENIC TRAIT http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Traits determined by ____________ _________ have _____ “___________” phenotypes MORE than ONE gene many in-between There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________________ of intelligences in-between whole range http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought KINDS OF DOMINANCE ____________________ COMPLETE DOMINANCE INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE CO-DOMINANCE

COMPLETE DOMINANCE Dominant masks recessive Recessive returns 3:1 F2 __________ allele _______ the ___________ one PATTERN ? ____________ allele ________ in a _____ratio in the ____ generation Recessive returns 3:1 F2 http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE DON’T SEE 3:1 Heterozygous __________ expected _____ ratio in F2 generation _____________ organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele show a _________ in-between trait 3:1 Heterozygous BLENDED Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

CO-DOMINANCE BOTH _______ traits are expressed at ___________ (_____________________) in heterozygote SAME TIME NO BLENDING ROAN A ________HORSE has ______________ hair and __________ hair side by side BOTH RED WHITE

CO-DOMINANCE Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote Persons with an A allele AND a B allele have blood type AB

Membrane proteins with _______ attached that help cells recognize self REMEMBER Membrane proteins with _______ attached that help cells recognize self = ______________ sugars GLYCOPROTEINS http://www.mannanw.com/super-sugars.htm

BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices = _________________________ MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes Allele choices are: _____ ____ ____ A B O

BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins on its surface

BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a different “B” glycoprotein on its surface

BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells the cell NOT to put anything on the surface

A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH glycoproteins on its surface

PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE) BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE) AA AO BB BO OO AB A A B B O AB

A and AB see A as “like me” as Different! DONOR BLOOD A and AB see A as “like me” B and O see A as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg

B and AB see B as “like me” as Different! DONOR BLOOD B and AB see B as “like me” A and O see B as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg

O ____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________ DONOR BLOOD O ____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________ Nothing on surface to recognize as “NOT SELF” UNIVERSAL DONOR YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg

Only AB sees AB as “like me” DONOR BLOOD Only AB sees AB as “like me” A, B, and O see AB as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg

AB can only GIVE to AB BUT . . . ______ can RECEIVE FROM EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ________________________ UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT Body image modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg

BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA 40% B 10% AB 4% O 46% http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/BldTyping.html

ABO SYSTEM is NOT THE ONLY ONE Rh+ Rh-

OTHER BLOOD TYPES NO PROBLEMS MOM is _____ & BABY is ____ Rh+ Rh+ Rh+ ____________________ IF: NO PROBLEMS MOM is _____ & BABY is ____ Rh+ Rh+ MOM is _____ & BABY is _____ Rh+ Rh- Image modified from: http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif

Can be a ___________ IF: Mom is _____ Baby is _____ PROBLEM Can be a ___________ IF: Mom is _____ Baby is _____ Rh- Rh+ 1st baby OK but few baby cells entering mom’s bloodstream put mom’s immune system on alert for + cells. Next + baby, mom’s immune system can attack baby as it is growing Mom given shot after 1st birth prevents this Image modified from: http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif

DIHYBRID CROSSES (2 traits) http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/BIOBK/BioBookgenintro.html

Mendel also asked the question? Does the gene that determines if a seed is round or wrinkled have anything to do with the gene for seed shape? Must a seed that is yellow also be round?

MAKING A CROSS with ___________________= ____________________ TWO gene traits DIHYBRID CROSS A Punnett square for a DIHYBRID CROSS looks like this:

Figure 11-10 Independent Assortment in Peas Section 11-3

LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSS HOMOZYGOUS YELLOW ROUND HOMOZYGOUS GREEN WRINKLED rryy RRYY 1. ___________ what _________________ are 2. ________correct__________ square __________ 3. ______ possible_______________________ 4. ______ boxes with _____________________ 5. Determine ____________of_____________& ____________ Figure out parent alleles Choose Punnett size Put in parent gametes Fill in offspring combinations probabilities phenotypes genotypes

LAW OF __________________________ the factors are distributed to gametes independently of other factors INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT Image modified from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/mendel/mendel_1.htm

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HOMOZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene R R Y Y R Y R Y R Y R Y ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene HOMOZYGOUS WRINKLED GREEN r r y y r y r y r y r y ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene R r Y y R Y r y r Y R y ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________

RY RrYy ROUND YELLOW ry 100% of offspring = _______ genotype RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy 100% of offspring = _______ genotype _______________________ phenotype ROUND YELLOW

X R r Y y R r Y y MAKE ANOTHER CROSS HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW

POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES? RY ry rY Ry

heterozygous dihybrid 9:3:3:1 RY Ry rY ry ____ Round & Yellow ____ Round & green ____ Wrinkled & yellow ____ wrinkled & green 9 RY Ry rY ry RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy 3 3 1 heterozygous dihybrid Sign of a ______________________ cross is a _____________ ratio in offspring. 9:3:3:1

__________ratio is a clue that it’s a 9 ____ ____________ TRAIT 1 ; ____________ TRAIT 2 ____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2 ____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2 dominant dominant 3 dominant recessive 3 recessive dominant 1 recessive recessive __________ratio is a clue that it’s a ____________________________cross 9:3:3:1 HETEROZYGOUS TWO gene

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for DIHYBRID CROSSES http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

What are the possible gametes? R R T T pure round & pure tall = __________ ____ ____ _____ ______ What gametes can it produce?     R T R T R T R T

What are the possible gametes? T t R R Heterozygous Tall = __________ & pure round ____ ____ _____ ______ What gametes can it produce?     T R t R t R T R

What are the possible gametes? T t r r Hybrid tall = __________ & pure wrinkled ____ ____ _____ ______ What gametes can it produce?     T r t r t r T r

What are the possible gametes? T t R r Heterozygous tall = __________ & hybrid round ____ ____ _____ ______ What gametes can it produce?     T R t r t R T r