The ENLIGHTENMENT Ideas of the Renaissance + the Scientific Revolution + the Age of Reason = the Enlightenment.

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Presentation transcript:

The ENLIGHTENMENT Ideas of the Renaissance + the Scientific Revolution + the Age of Reason = the Enlightenment

ISAAC NEWTON “bridge” between the age of science and the age of reason “If I have seen further than others, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.”

Principia Mathematica The mathematical and physical laws governing the force of gravity published in 1687 1. An object at rest stays at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion at the same speed and in the same direction unless acted on by an unbalanced force….law of inertia 2. F=MA force = mass x acceleration 3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction The planets and all other physical objects in the universe move throught mutual attraction, or gravity.

Newton’s other ideas Optics….every color has a unique angle of refraction Calculus “Every particle of the universe attracts every other particle with a force varying inversely as the square of the distance between them and directly proportional to the square of their masses.”

SALONS Social gatherings were the fashion Paris was the cultural center of Europe Wealthy hostesses invited poets, writers, musicians, wits and conversationalists to these parties Marie Therese Geoffrin

THE ENCYCLOPEDIA -Envisioned by the philosophe Denis Diderot -to include science, math, technology, music, art, medicine, government, law, geography -50% funded by Madame Geoffrin -1st volume published in 1751 -last volume #28 completed in 1772 -volume #7 angered Louis XV…government censors banned more publications…Diderot got around it -inspiration for English and Scottish writers to create the Encyclopedia Britannica

MUSIC: BAROQUE 1670-1750 dramatic and complex 2 new techniques: fugue and counterpoint Fugue: melody is repeated with slight variations on different instruments Counterpoint: weaving of two or more melodies together Oratorio operatic work sung but not staged

Harpsichord strings were plucked portable sounds “plinky” precursor of the piano

Johann Pachelbel Canon in D 1653-1706 stylistic ancestor of J.S. Bach dominant figure in late 17th century keyboard Canon in D

Antonio Vivaldi Four Seasons: Spring 1678-1741 Trained as a priest, but composed and conducted music Concertos: solo contrasts with ensemble 3 movements Influenced Bach Four Seasons: Spring

George Frideric Handel 1685-1759 Internationally famous Inspiration to Beethoven Music has a theatrical quality…appealed to a wide audience, including the middle class 1714: in London when George I came to the throne Royal Water Music 26 oratorios Messiah 1742

JOHAN SEBASTIAN BACH 1685-1750 German organist and court musician Greatest of all Baroque composers Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring Brandenburg Concertos

CLASSICAL MUSIC 1750-1820 A period of great productivity Unity, clarity and balance became more important New forms: symphony….work in 4 movements for orchestra concerto…solo instrument(s) and orchestra sonata: for one or two instruments having several movements

FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN 1732-1809 “father of the symphony” Wrote over 100 symphonies and 83 quartets Best known works: Symphony #94: Surprise Emperor’s Hymn

WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART 1756-1791 completed more than 600 compositions before his death at age 35 combined technical perfection and lightness of touch with deep emotion…a perfect expression of the spirit of the age examples: Eine Kleine Nachtmusik Piano Concerto #21 (Elvira Madigan) Symphony #41

LUDWIG Van BEETHOVEN 1770-1810 Perhaps the greatest composer of all time Style moved from classical to romantic more color, emotion and drama Much less prolific composer Most famous: Moonlight Sonata Fur Elise Symphony #5 Symphony #9