HERBICIDES

BIOLOGICAL Few with practical application Xpo (Xanthomonas bacteria) for Annual bluegrass control

SYNTHETIC AMINE AND ESTER FORMULATIONS Adding side group molecules to active ingredient Amine: Dimethylamine group to an acid Ester: isooctyl group to an acid

SYNTHETIC Amine formulation Less volatile and less non-target effects

SYNTHETIC Ester formulation Penetrates leaf easier More volatile (vapor drift) Winter and early spring: cooler temps and less leaves

SYNTHETIC ISOMERS Different versions of same chemical Left hand versus right hand

SYNTHETIC ISOMERS One very effective, the other not at all Isolate effective isomer, get rid of ineffective one Lower rates, same result (Acclaim Extra)

SYNTHETIC SURFACTANTS Formulation surfactants included with product Roundup Pro increased absorption and rainfastness

FORMULATION Granular Less volatile Won’t stick to leaves Less phytotoxic effects Cost more: mostly inert ingredients, shipping costs Public acceptance Less staining and easier clean up

FORMULATION Liquid More volatile, better post- effect Phytotoxic to non-target Cheap Bad image

PREEMERGENT Applied before seed germination Kills the weed seed as it germinates Timing is critical, will not control established weeds Aeration does not effect control A few herbicides have pre and post activity Dimension Most often a granular that requires water-in

POSTEMERGENCE Applied after weeds have emerged

POSTEMERGENCE HERBICIDE UPTAKE Soil-applied Absorbed by germinating roots Some shoots

POSTEMERGENCE HERBICIDE UPTAKE Foliar-applied Cuticle, the waxy surface of the leaf Leaf hair

POSTEMERGENCE FACTORS AFFECTING MOVEMENT INTO LEAF Foliar retention Water carrier Surface tension of water Reduced leaf contact

POSTEMERGENCE FACTORS AFFECTING MOVEMENT INTO LEAF Foliar retention Spray volume Complete coverage for contact Partial coverage for systemic

POSTEMERGENCE FACTORS AFFECTING MOVEMENT INTO LEAF Foliar retention Rainfall 6 to 24 hours

POSTEMERGENCE Systemic herbicides Move with plant food Kill all parts of the plant Rapid growth favorable for kill

POSTEMERGENCE Contact herbicides Kill tissue applied, no distribution throughout plant Membrane destruction in hours Control of annuals Perennials require repeat application FAST

MODE OF ACTION SELECTIVE HERBICIDES SEDGE CONTROL Manage Image Certainty Monument

MODE OF ACTION GRASS CONTROL Vantage controls bahiagrass MSMA controls crabgrass

MODE OF ACTION BROADLEAF CONTROL PHENOXY HERBICIDES (after WWII) 2,4-D, good on dandelion Many turfgrasses sensitive MCPP (Mecoprop), good on clover

MODE OF ACTION BROADLEAF CONTROL PHENOXY HERBICIDES (after WWII) Trimec Bentgrass Selective

MODE OF ACTION BROADLEAF CONTROL BENZOIC ACID Dicamba

MODE OF ACTION Sulfonylurea family Manor and Blade on broadleaf and grassy Certainty, Sedgehammer and Monument control of sedge, kyllinga and poa

MODE OF ACTION Pyridine family Could replace 2,4-D Turflon, Spotlight and Lontrel 10 times more potent than 2,4-D Confront found in compost clippings, limited to commercial use

MODE OF ACTION Triazolinone family Quicksilver (Carfentrazone) Speed Zone 2,4-D, MCPP, Dicamba, and Carfentrazone

MODE OF ACTION Quinolinecarboxylic acid family Drive for post crabgrass control

MODE OF ACTION Triazine family Atrazine soluble, non-target damage Research change frog sex and lending to death Centipede St. Augustine

MODE OF ACTION Scott’s Weed and Feed Atrazine replaced by metasulfuron Manor Concerns of groundwater contamination Destroyed centipedegrass

MODE OF ACTION NON-SELECTIVE HERBICIDES Kills most plants Glyphosate is systemic (slow) Diquat is contact (fast) QuikPro (Round-up) combines for quick, systemic kill Limits systemic effect

Fumigation MODE OF ACTION Kills plants, MO, seeds, etc. Methyl Bromide Odorless Teargas added

Fumigation MODE OF ACTION Plastic cover to prevent leakage 24 to 48 hours

Fumigation MODE OF ACTION Methyl Bromide phasout due to ozone-depleting potential Dazomet is unclassified granular fumigant

MOSS Low nitrogen and wet areas Copper containing fungicides, soapy solutions

GENETICALLY MODIFIED TURF (GMO) Genes isolated from other plants, animals or microbes for herbicide and insect resistance Round-up Ready corn and soybeans

http://grist.org/industrial-agriculture/a-growing-problem-notes-from-the-superweed-summit/

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/02/business/energy-environment/a-gray-area-in-regulation-of-genetically-modified-crops.html?_r=0

PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR Inhibit growth Suppress seedheads Reduce costs and maintenance Enhance turf quality possibly increase roots improve shade tolerance improve roll

PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR CELL-DIVISION INHIBITORS, TYPE 1 Vegetative growth Seedhead development

PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR CELL-DIVISION INHIBITORS, TYPE 1 Growth inhibition for 3 to 4 weeks Yellowing Embark

PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR GIBBERELLIN INHIBITORS, TYPE 2 Suppress cell elongation, internodes shorter 3 to 6 weeks Cutless

ORGANIC HERBICIDES SOAPS Fatty acids Stripping cuticle Dehydrate Safer and M-pede

ORGANIC HERBICIDES ESSENTIAL OILS Clove and cinnamon oil Eugenol Disrupting cell membranes Matran and EcoExempt

ORGANIC HERBICIDES ESSENTIAL OILS Citrus oil Nature’s Avenger Limonene hand cleaner and degreaser Nature’s Avenger

ORGANIC HERBICIDES VINEGAR Acetic acid Not listed it as an herbicide Not household vinegar >20% Not listed it as an herbicide Avoid EPA registration AllDown and Burnout II

ORGANIC HERBICIDES PELARGONIC ACID fatty acid synthetically produced not organic Scythe

ORGANIC HERBICIDES CORN GLUTEN Applied 4 to 6 weeks before target dates Contains 10% nitrogen First year, expect 50% weed control Second or third year 90%