Behaviorism, Cognitivism & Constructivism Learning Theories Behaviorism, Cognitivism & Constructivism

Behaviorism The focus is on cause and effect relationships. Why? Because they can be observed through behavior. Internal process are not visible Behavior can be modified through contingencies of reinforcement For more information on Behaviorism visit: http://web.cocc.edu/cbuell/theories/behaviorism.htm

Contingencies of Reinforcement A learner can be conditioned to exert the desired response. Three situations shaping behavior: Positive reinforcement (i.e. reward) Negative reinforcement (i.e. leaving early to avoid traffic) Punishment (i.e. a failing grade for cheating)

Cognitivism (a.k.a. Information Processing) The focus is on internal processes, instead of strictly external events. Uses the analogy of a computer to illustrate how the mind processes information. This theory proposes that the mind has 3 different memory stores that work in succession to register, process, store, and retrieve information. For more information on Cognitivism visit: http://web.cocc.edu/cbuell/theories/cognitivism.htm

Constructivism This philosophy says that humans construct all knowledge in their minds by participating in experiences. Learning occurs when a person constructs the mechanisms for learning and their own unique version of that knowledge Constructivists recommend that students participate in meaningful activities so that learners are able to generate their own knowledge. For more information on Constructivism visit: http://web.cocc.edu/cbuell/theories/constructivism.htm

Constructivst Instruction Directed Instruction a.k.a. Teacher Centered Behaviorism and Cognitivism use this mode of instruction delivery. Directed Instruction says that: -knowledge exists outside of the human mind and learning occurs when that knowledge is transmitted and stored in the mind of the student -teaching should be systematic and structured to best facilitate learning -the teacher should control all aspects of the learning situation Constructivism uses this mode of instruction delivery. Characteristics include: -problem oriented activities -visual formats and mental models -rich, complex environments -cooperative learning -exploration -authentic assessment -project based learning -alternative assessment

Comparing the Learning Paradigms Behaviorism Cognitivism Constructivism How people learn: -Uses directed instruction (look at previous slide) -Uses constructivist instruction (look at previous slide) Technology: -educational software to correct weaknesses and develop prerequisite skills -technology used to supplement instruction -software w/built-in assessment used to measure students against certain criteria -multi-media used to present content during instruction -computers and other technologies used to foster creativity -problem solving and multi-media software to get students to think about how they think -visual formats to promote more meaningful learning -multi-media, student created presentations used to foster cooperative group work and used as an alternative assessment

Learning Theory Assignment The design I used for my PowerPoint is fairly simple because adding too much color or “pizzazz” to the background makes the information difficult to read. I used a design that resembled a piece of lined paper for slides 2-5 so that the text stood out. I used a text and table layout for slide 6 to contrast the differences between directed and constructivist instruction. I inserted hyperlinks at the bottom of 3 slides; slide 2 (behaviorism), slide 4 (cognitivism), and slide 5 (constructivism) because the hyperlinks directly relate to the material in each of the slides. The hyperlinks I choose are easy to understand, and not too wordy or confusing. I did not include all the information presented to us in class because if I included all information, there would be no need for anybody to listen to the lecture presented with the PowerPoint. For example, in slide 3 I listed the contingencies for reinforcement and gave examples, but did not define what “positive reinforcement” or “negative reinforcement” means. I think it is important to understand that the PowerPoint is not supposed to take place of the lecture/presentation, but is meant to supplement the lecture.

Hi Dennis- I was unable to add any sound effects to my PowerPoint because I have to install the sound effects from the CD-ROM and I do not have the CD anymore! I know how to do it and will add a sound effect in class on Thursday if you wish. Sorry! Hope you had a great anniversary. -Kara Kantrowitz