THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

The Ottoman Empire Crest of the Ottoman Empire

Why the Middle East? Rich Fertile soil Mountainous regions provide shelter and security Sea Coasts offer rich fishing Trade Routes between Asia and Europe Area rich in Spices—Able to trade with both Europe and Asia as a form of income Silk trade from Asia to Europe brought paper and gunpowder More than products exchanged—scientific, religious and artistic ideas also Topographical Map of the Region

The Beginning Christian Crusaders fighting since 1095 to stop the spread of Islam 1299 independence declared—Osman Gazi Gazi reigned until 1326 Land amassed through diplomacy and warfare Osman Gazi, the first Ottoman Sultan

Origins of the Ottoman Empire After Hz. Muhammad’s death in 632 A.D., Muslim faith & power spread throughout Middle East

Islam Map

By 1215, foreign invaders (Mongols from eastern Asia) took over the lands of the Muslim empire Islam’s power in the Middle East started to decline

Mongol Map

Key Factors in Rise of The Ottomans control of link between Europe and Asia on the Dardanelles strait military power -Janissaries growth primarily by land conquest

THEN . . . A new empire arose out of the leftovers of the old sultanates (kingdoms) of Anatolia (Turkey). 1299 A.D.- one of these sultans (Osman) began to expand his kingdom Osman started the Ottoman Empire, named after him

ORIGINS of the Ottoman Empire It was one of the largest & longest lasting empires in history It was an empire supported & inspired by Islam It replaced the Byzantine Empire (former Roman Empire) as the major power in the Eastern Mediterranean.

The Ottoman Empire: Attempts at Reform Reforms began in the late 1700s with Sultan Selim III Wanted to reorganize and update the army Wanted to draw on European advisors and techniques Result = opposition from ulama (Muslim religious scholars) and theJanissaries  Believed these reforms would threaten their power and that they conflicted with Islam  Selim III = overthrown and murdered in 1807

The Ottoman Empire!

Osman – Founder of the Ottoman State

Religion Founded on the principles of Islam United by Islamic beliefs Churches were converted into mosques Tolerant of other religions, especially Christians and Jews Encouraged loyalty from other religious faith groups , especially

Mosque in Istanbul

The Janissaries Group of soldiers loyal to the sultan (king) Army of slaves & Christian converts to Islam Helped to expand the empire Became so powerful that the sultans feared them

Janissaries Pic

Janissaries Photo

Origins cont. 1352 A.D. sultans able to cross over into Europe 1453 A.D.-Ottoman soldiers known as Janissaries conquered Constantinople (Istanbul) from the Byzantine empire, thus ending the Roman Empire. 1517 A.D. Ottomans had control of Egypt & extended control to most of North African coast. 1520-1566: peak of power during rule of Suleiman (“The Magnificent”)

Ottoman Map 2

Ottoman Map 1

Period of Growth Succeeded Seljuk Turks as great Muslim power in Middle East. Greatest Emperor was Suleyman (1494-1566). Military conquests—Captured Belgrade in 1521; turned away from Vienna in 1529. Ordered construction of Suleiman Mosque Relied on Janissaries, soldiers who eventually displace Ottoman nobility. Ottoman counterweight—France and Ottomans allied versus Austrian Habsburgs.

The Capture of Constantinople

Captures Constantinople in 1453 Opens it to all groups of people C. Mehmet II Captures Constantinople in 1453 Opens it to all groups of people Uses canons ( Canons that would fire 1200 pound boulders to destroy walls)

The importance of Constantinople It was the heart of the Byzantine empire for 1100 years 1453 A.D.-conquered by the Sultan Mehmet II & became the Ottoman capital The effect on Christian Europe was enormous Renamed Istanbul which means the “city of Islam” Istanbul became a political and military capital Positioned at the junction of Europe, Africa, and Asia Located on both sides of the Bosporus, a narrow strait separating Europe from Asia The only major city located on two continents

Hagia Sophia ( was a Christian Church turned into a mosque)

Suleiman Ruled from 1520-1566 Made Ottoman Empire the richest & most powerful empire in Europe and Southwest Asia at the time

Suleiman Greatest Ottoman leader of all time Brought justice & harmony by publishing a code of laws (“The Lawgiver”) Feared & respected by Europeans Turned Constantinople into a great center of art, music, writing, and philosophy Wrote some of the most beautiful poetry of his time

Suleiman’s Mosque

Suleiman’s Army

Expansion Suleiman believed that the entire world was his possession as a gift of God. Vast amounts of Islamic territories were annexed or invaded. Very strong military Expert in developing gunpowder as a military tool

The Muslim Ottoman Empire eventually controlled what is now: Turkey Egypt Greece Bulgaria Romania Macedonia Hungary Palestine Jordan Lebanon Syria Much of the coastal strip of North Africa Parts of Arabia

Trade Located on major trade routes between Europe & Asia Some goods traded were: Silk & other cloth Rhubarb Porcelain from China Spices such as pepper Dyes such as indigo

Selim the Grim Excellent Sultan Harsh person Executes all brothers, father, and all sons but one Captures Mecca and Medina in 1519

Ottoman Empire had one of the greatest navies in the world

Trade map

THE DECLINE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE SS7H2 The student will analyze continuity and change in Southwest Asia (the Middle East) leading to the 21st century.

Essential Questions After the breakup of the Ottoman Empire, Europe partitioned (divided) lands in the Middle East. 1.How did this European partitioning lead to regional conflict? 2. Land and religion are reasons for continuing conflicts in the Middle East. Describe how and why this is true.

THE BREAKUP OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 1571 A.D. – decline began after several military defeats 1683 A.D.-failed invasion of Vienna, Austria Economic problems 1. trade competition from Americas 2. cheap products from India & Far East 3. development of other trade routes 4. rising unemployment & near bankruptcy

The Ottoman Bureaucracy SULTAN Divans Social / Military Divans Heads of Individual Religious Millets Muslims Jews Local Administrators & Military Christians Landowners / Tax Collectors

Decline Military Defeat—Lepanto in 1571; Vienna—1683 Russian expansion to Black Sea and Austrian expansion in Balkans Weak Rulers: Selim (1566-1574) “The Glutton”; Ibrahim (1640-1648) drowned 280 concubines in the Bosphorus. Internal disruptions—Janissaries revolt

Continued Decline Revolts in the Balkans (Serbia in 1804; Greece in 1821 Failed Reforms—Selim III (1789-1807)—attempts to introduce European style military opposed by clerics and Janissaries. 1850s—Tanzimat reforms of bureaucracy fail due to military losses (Crimea) and continued Balkan revolts.

Why the Decline Doctrine of Closed Revelation European incursions (British Land Bridge to India; Russian and Habsburg expansionism; European devotion to Holy Land)

Decline Map

Pre-WWI Reform Movements Prime Minister Midhat Pasha and the Constitution of 1876—unitary state, free press, freedom of conscience, equality before the law; and equitable taxation. Sultan fired Midhat in 1877. Russia defeats Ottomans in 1876-1877 war. Young Turks emerge calling for Constitution of 1876. Struggle between Young Turks and Sultan over constitution interrupted by WWI.

Ottoman Dismemberment Ottomans support Central Powers in WWI. Treaty of Sevres/Lausanne break up Ottoman Empire. France and Britain get Syria and Palestine; Truncated country of Turkey is created. Turkey under Mustafa Kemal [1881-1938] (Ataturk) becomes secular Muslim State.

Breakup continued Economic weakness caused military weakness After losing WWI, the empire lost control of Arab lands By 1924, the Ottoman Empire no longer existed

Turkey was declared a republic. The Ottoman Empire officially ended on Nov. 1, 1922. Turkey was declared a republic.

Turkey Today