Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World Africa and the Atlantic World

The States of West Africa and East Africa Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World The States of West Africa and East Africa Developed over eighth to sixteenth centuries Kingdom of Ghana 5th Century Not related to modern state of Ghana; major gold trader Mali empire, 13th century Mansa Musa, conversion to Islam Songhay empire, fifteenth century Sunni Ali (r. 1464–1493) created effective army, navy Brought Timbuktu and Jenne under his control Introduced hierarchal government, Muslim emperors Last African empire-ending in 1591 Musket-bearing Moroccan army destroyed Songhay forces; regional city-states exerted local control after the collapse of Songhay empire (Oyo, Asante, Kanem-Bornu, Hausa)

Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World

Swahili Decline in East Africa Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World Swahili Decline in East Africa Portuguese Vasco da Gama skirmished with Africans on eastern coast, 1497–1498 Skirmishes in Mozambique and Mombasa 1502: returned, forced ruler of Kilwa to pay tribute 1505: Portuguese gun ships dominated Swahili ports After taking over each city state; Portugal set up political administrative centers along the East coast in hopes of creating a trading post empire for Africa similar to SE Asia Portugal was not successful in creating a new trading post empire, but the damage was done to the Swahili city states

Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World The Kingdom of Kongo Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World Relations with Portuguese beginning 1483 Portuguese would develop a friendly relationship with the Kongo Sending armies, miners, shoe makers and of course priests to Kongo Portugal only developed this relationship with Kongo to protest their interests in the region of Central Africa King Nzinga Mbemba (Afonso I, r. 1506–1542) Conversion to Roman Catholicism Useful connection with Portuguese interests But zealous convert, attempted to convert population at large The capital of Kongo, Mbaza, had so many Christian churches it sounded like bells were always ringing

Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World Slave Raiding in Kongo Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World The diplomatic relationship with Portugal took a sour turn when Portugal decided to colonize Angola Initial Portuguese attempts at slave raiding. However, Portugal soon discovered it easier to trade weapons for slaves provided by African traders Dealt with several authorities besides Kongo Kongo kings appealed without success to slow, but not eliminate, slave trade Relations deteriorated; Portuguese attacked Kongo and decapitated king in 1665 Improved slave market developed in the south so Portuguese moved with the market: left the Kongo disintegrated

The Kingdom of Ndongo (Angola) Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World Ndongo gained wealth and independence from Kongo by means of Portuguese slave trade 1575 Portuguese sets up a small colony But Portuguese influence was resisted by Queen Nzinga (r. 1623–1663) Posed as male king Nzinga established temporary alliance with Dutch in unsuccessful attempt to expel Portuguese Decline of Ndongo power after her death

Regional Kingdoms and European Arrival in South Africa Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World Trade with Swahili city-states developed by Chieftains 1300: Great Zimbabwe stone fortified city Cape Town built by Dutch in 1652, increased involvement with southern African politics Khoikhoi people (“Hottentots”) encountered British colonies also developed Led the way for Imperialism in Africa

Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa Pre-Islamic paganism, ancestor worship Islam developed in commercial centers Timbuktu, major center of Islamic scholarship by 16th century African traditions and beliefs blended into Islam Syncretic Islam offended non African Muslims The Fulani and Islam Movement to impose strict adherence to Islamic norms in Africa 1680, military campaigns to enforce sharia begun in west Africa Considerable influence extended to south as well

Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World Like African Islam, syncretic with African beliefs Antonian movement, early eighteenth century Founded by Dona Beatriz, claiming possession by St. Anthony of Padua (thirteenth-century Franciscan preacher, patron saint of Portugal) Promoted distinctly African Christianity Jesus a black man, Kongo the holy land, heaven for Africans King Pedro IV of Kongo persuaded by Christian missionaries to burn Dona Beatriz at the stake

Social Change in Early Modern Africa Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World Social Change in Early Modern Africa Kinship groups remained social unit structure Clan leaders of large kinship groups would consult other regional clans Trade with Europeans brought new goods to Africa New crops from Americas Manioc became staple bread flour (also called cassava) Corn and peanuts added to African diet Population growth despite slave trade, boosted by increased food supply 1500-34 million in sub Saharan Africa 1800- 60 million Very interesting considering the large depopulation caused by the Atlantic Slave Trade

Foundations of the Slave Trade Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World Foundations of the Slave Trade African slavery dates to antiquity War captives, criminals, people expelled from clans Distinct from Asian, European slavery No private property, therefore wealth defined by number of slaves, not land Slaves often assimilated into owner’s clan The Islamic Slave Trade Dramatic expansion of slave trade with Arab traders New slaves acquired by raiding villages, selling on Swahili coast Arab traders depended on African infrastructure to maintain supply European demand on west coast caused demand to rise again

Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World The Early Slave Trade Portuguese raided west African coast in 1441, took twelve men Met with stiff resistance African dealers ready to provide slaves 1460: 500 slaves per year sold to work as miners, porters, domestic servants in Spain and Portugal 1520: 2,000 per year to work in sugarcane plantations in the Americas Triangular Trade European ships undertook voyages on three legs European manufactured goods (especially firearms) sent to Africa African slaves purchased and sent to Americas Cash crops purchased in Americas and returned to Europe

Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World

The Middle Passage (Africa to Americas) Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World The Middle Passage (Africa to Americas) African slaves captured by raiding parties, force-marched to holding pens at coast Middle passage under horrific conditions 4–6 weeks Mortality initially high, often over 50%; eventually declined to 5% Total slave traffic, fifteenth to eighteenth century: 12 million Approximately 4 million died before arrival

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The Impact of the African Slave Trade Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World The Impact of the African Slave Trade Rwanda, Bugunda, Masai, Turkana resisted slave trade Benefitted from distance from slave ports on western coast Other societies benefitted from slave trade profits Asante, Dahomey, Oyo peoples Expansion of total African population due to importation of American crops Yet millions of captured Africans removed from society, depleting regional populations Distorted sex ratios resulted Two-thirds of slaves male, 14–35 years of age Polygyny encouraged Women also forced to take on men’s duties Introduction of firearms increased violence of pre-existing conflicts More weapons, more slaves; more slaves, more weapons Dahomey people created army dedicated to slave trade

Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World Plantation Societies Most slaves went to tropical, subtropical regions First plantation established in Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican Republic), 1516 Later Mexico, Brazil, Caribbean, and Americas Sugar major cash crop Later: tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton, coffee Plantations heavily dependent on slave labor Racial divisions of labor Regional Differences Caribbean, South America: African population unable to maintain number through natural means Malaria, yellow fever Brutal working conditions, sanitation, nutrition Gender imbalance Constant importation of slaves North America: less disease, more normal sex ratio Slave families encouraged as prices rose in eighteenth century

Destinations of African Slaves Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World Destinations of African Slaves

The Making of African-American Cultural Traditions Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World Diversity of African cultures concentrated in slave population Blend of cultures African languages used when numbers permitted; otherwise, European language adapted with African influences Creole languages Christianity adapted to incorporate African traditions

Toward the Abolition of Slavery Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World Toward the Abolition of Slavery Olaudah Equiano (1745–1797), former slave’s best selling autobiography Eloquent attacks on institution of slavery Economic costs of slavery increased Military expenses to prevent rebellions Eighteenth century: price of sugar fell, price of slaves rose Wage labor became more efficient Wage-earners could spend income on manufactured goods

Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World End of the Slave Trade Slave trade abolished in Denmark (1803), Great Britain (1807), United States (1808), France (1814), Netherlands (1817), Spain (1845) Possession of slaves remained legal Clandestine trade continued to 1867 Emancipation of slaves began with British colonies (1833), then French (1848), U.S. (1865), Brazil (1888) Saudi Arabia and Angola continued to 1960s