Chemistry

Composition of Matter Everything in the Universe is made up of MATTER. What is Matter? Matter is anything that takes up space and has Mass.

Mass vs Weight What is the difference between mass and weight? Weight is Gravity Dependent and Mass is not

Elements and Atoms What is an Element? A pure substance that cannot be broken down chemically or physically into simpler kinds of matter. 100 elements identified 90% of the mass of living organisms is composed of combinations of 4 elements Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

Cont. Each Element has a chemical symbol composed of 1 or 2 letters. (C, H, Cl, Na) All elements are organized on the periodic table based upon their chemical properties.

Periodic Table Lists the Element (Helium) Chemical Symbol (He) Atomic Number (Number of Protons) Atomic Mass of the Element Quantity of Matter in one atom of one Element Atomic Mass Unit (amu)

Cont. Elements are composed of Atoms. What is an ATOM? Atom: Simplest particle of an element that retains that elements properties.

Atomic Make-Up Atoms are made of Sub Atomic Particles. Sub Atomic Particles. (Protons, Neutrons & Electrons) Protons are positively (+) Charged Particles Neutrons are particles that have a Neutral or No Charge Electrons are negatively (-) Charged Particles

Electrons Electrons have a negative charge and are found in the energy levels that orbit the nucleus. By using the formula 2(n)2 (n=energy level) one can determine the number of electrons in each level.

Happiness All Elements want to be lazy, that is to say they all want to be at the lowest energy state possible. That translates into 8 electrons in the outermost energy level. Elements with 8 e- in the outermost shell are non reactive.

Compounds Compounds are substances composed of Atoms of two or more Elements H2O C6H12O6 CH4 NaCl The properties of the compound differ from that of the individual Elements

Compounds Cont. The Number of Individual Elements in a Compound can vary from 2 to…..Many. Ex. H2O = 3 Elements (2 Hydrogen 1 Oxygen) C6H12O6 = 24 Elements (6 Carbon, 12 Hydrogen, 6 Oxygen) H2(SO4)2 = ( 12 Elements 2 Hydrogen, 2 Sulfur, 8 Oxygen)

Compounds Cont. Atomic Mass of Compound = Atomic Mass of individual Elements Combined. Ex. H2O = 2(1.00794) + 15.9994 = 18.015 amu CH4 = 12.011 + 4(1.00794) = 16.042 amu

Chemical Bonding Chemical Bonding: The attachment of Elements to one another via electron rearrangement. Two Types: Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding

Ionic Bonding Ion: An atom or molecule with an electric charge An Ionic Bond happens when one element GIVES or Recieves and electron from another to attain stability (Happiness).

Covalent Bonding A Covalent bonds forms when two or more Elements SHARE electrons to attain stability (Happiness)

Acids vs Bases Dissociation of Water: Breaking apart the water molecule into two Ions of opposite charges.

ACID Acid: Any Solution with more Hydronium than Hydroxide.

Base Base: Any solution with more Hydroxide than Hydronium.

pH Scale A logarithmic tool used to compare relative concentrations of hydroxide and hydronium Ions. Ranges 0-14 Acid<7 Base>7

States of Matter All atoms are in constant motion. The rate at which Atoms move determine their State. 3 States: Solid, Liquid & Gas.

Solid Very Tightly linked atoms. Definite Shape Fixed Volume Slow Molecular movement

Liquid Atoms not as tightly linked as solids. No definite shape (flow & conform) Fixed Volume Molecular movement faster than solid.

Gas Little or no linkage or attraction. No definitive shape Volume not fixed Very fast molecular movement

Chemical Reactions When Elements or compounds chemically combine to make different compounds. Or….. When reactants combine to make products….HUH? C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 >>>> C12H22O11 + H2O Reactants Products

Reactions Cont. Thermodynamics state that matter can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be rearranged. Explanation (What goes in has to come out) C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 >>>> C12H22O11 Corrected C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 >>>> C12H22O11 + H2O

Solutions Solutions: A mixture in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another (Kool Aid). Solute: Whatever is dissolved (Kool Aid Flavor) Solvent: The substance doing the dissolving (water)