Caliph (head of Muslim world) Fatimids (Shi‘ites) Seljuks (Sunnis), since 1055 1071 Seljuks defeat Byzantines at Manzikert
Just war, according to St Augustine of Hippo Proclaimed by a legitimate authority For legitimate reasons With right intention, only option Warfare as an act of love
9th c. Spiritual benefits offered to holy warriors mid 11th c. Pope Gregory VII (p. 1073-85) and others expanding benefits, some popes leading campaigns
March 1095 Envoys from Alexius I Comnenus (r. 1080-1118) at Council of Piacenza 27th November 1095 Pope Urban II (p. 1088-95) preaches First Crusade at Clermont 1096 People’s/ Peasants’ Crusade, led by Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless
Early 1097 “Official” crusading armies reach Constantinople June 1097 Crusaders take Nicea March 1098 Baldwin of Boulogne becomes Count of Edessa June 1098 Crusaders take Antioch, eventually given to Bohemond of Taranto
Jan 1099 Crusaders begin advance on Jerusalem June 1099 Crusaders besiege Jerusalem 15th July 1099 Crusaders take Jerusalem August 1099 Crusaders defeat Egyptian army
County of Edessa Principality of Antioch County of Tripoli Kingdom of Jerusalem
Godfrey de Bouillon, advocatus sancti sepulchri, 1099-1100 Baldwin I (of Boulogne), King of Jerusalem, 1100-18 (Baldwin of Le Bourg got Edessa)
The Kitab al-Jihad (Book of the Jihad) dictated in public in 1105 by ‘Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami (d. 1106)
1110 Demonstrations in mosques of Baghdad calling rulers to fight Crusaders 1119 Ilghazi of Mardin defeats Roger of Antioch at Battle of Balat/Ager Sanguinis 1127 ‘Imad al-Din Zangi takes power in Mosul 1128 Zangi takes control of Aleppo
1144 Zangi takes Edessa while Joscelin II is away 1146 Zangi murdered by slave
Impact of the First Crusade: On W. Europeans/Crusaders: Expansion of Christendom to include Outremer. Greater (if distorted) awareness of Islam/Muslims On Muslims: W. Europeans no longer as distant barbarians. Regarded as invading, usually for plunder/to spread Christianity
Impact of the First Crusade: On Byzantines: Exacerbated tensions between Byzantines and W. Europeans. Mutual suspicion and distrust On Papacy: Loss of control. Attempts to re-assert this in future years