Flokkun sykursýki byggir á meinmyndun en ekki meðferð

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Presentation transcript:

Flokkun sykursýki byggir á meinmyndun en ekki meðferð Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (SS1) Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (SS2) Other Diabetes

Greining sykursýki byggir á blóðsykri * should be confirmed on a second occasion

SS2 snýst ekki bara um blóðsykur + Type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance + Obesity + Dyslipidaemia + ­ Blood pressure + Insulin resistance + Hyperinsulinaemia (initially) + Atherosclerosis

SS2 og áhættuþættir æðasjúkdóma á íslandi Úr gögnum Hjartaverndar

SS1 eða SS2 ?

Einkenni blóðsykurhækkunar

Einkenni SS2 við greiningu

SS2: toppurinn á ísjakanum Type 2 Diabetes IGT Impaired Glucose Metabolism Normal Glucose Metabolism Insulin Insulin Macrovascular Sensitivity Secretion Disease 30% 50% 50% 50% 70-100% 40% 70% 150% 10% 100% 100% Groop et al. Hormone Res. 1997;22:131-156

Algengi SS2 0% 20% 40% Pima Indians Chines in rural China Papua New Guinea Russia UK USA Italy Chinese in Mauritius Fijians Micronesia

Áhættuþættir SS2 Líkamsþyngd / fitudreifing Lífshættir / hreyfing Þungun / GDM Aldur Annað Erfðir Viðburðir fyrir fæðingu

Er sukkið svo slæmt ? þessar hugmyndir eru aðvitað eldgamlar - þe að þetta sé sjálfskaparvíti og að samtímasukk sé höfuðorsökin. Hins vegar 25% af lækkun á nýgengi kransæðasjúkdóma á íslandi er óskýrð skv grein Nikulása sigfússonar í BMj 1991 Vandfundnar greinar sem hafa sýnt framá langvarandi bætt ástand hefðbunndinna áhættuþátta beð breyttum lífsháttum, svo maður nefni ekki skortinn á rannsóknum sem sýna lækkað mortalitet Nýgengi BÞS fór að lækka á vesturlöndum löngu áður en áróður furir ofangreindu var hafinn Erfðir skipta auðvitað máli en það vita allir að sýnd gena er mjög breytileg og undir ýmiskonar áhrifum

SS2 er algengari hjá feitum en grönnum % of population Prevalence in general population Prevalence in obese population 10 8 6 4 2 France Italy Germany Spain UK USA

Offita sem áhættuþáttur SS2 hjá konum Age-adjusted relative risk of type 2 diabetes 93.2 100 75 54.0 50 40.3 27.6 25 15.8 8.1 2.9 4.3 5.0 1.0 <22 - 22.9 - 23.9 - 24.9 - 26.9 - 28.9 - 30.9 - 32.9 - 34.9 35 + Body mass index (kg/m2) Colditz Ann Intern Med 1995;122:481-6

Trend in BMI for Icelandic Men 45-54y BMI [Kg/m2] & 95% CI 25 26 27 28 29 75-77 79-81 83 85-87 88-89 93-94 97-99* 97-99** 98-00§ Rate of increase 0,21% per year or 4,0% in total Úr gögnum Hjartaverndar

Algengi SS2 á Íslandi Calendar Year Prevalence in 50-64y olds [% & CI] 2 4 6 8 10 67-69 70-72 74-79 79-84 85-91 Males Females Vilbergsson et al Diabetic Medicine 1997

Fæðingarþyngd og Efnaskiptavilla Fæðingarþyngd (kg) Líkindahlutfall (Odds Ratio) 4 8 12 16 20 < 2,5 - 2,95 - 3,41 - 3,86 - 4,31 > 4,31 (heimild: Barker et al. Diabetologia 1993;36:62)

SS2, BMI & FÞ íslenskra karla Úr gögnum Hjartaverndar

Glúkókínasi og fæðingarþyngd Hattersley et al Nature Genetics 1999 Genotype (+ indicates mutation) Birth Weight [g] 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 M+ F- M+ F+ M- F- M- F+

Abnormalities in Glucose Homeostasis in T2DM Glucose (G) Carbohydrate Glucose DIGESTIVE ENZYMES Insulin (I) I G Increased FFAs = reduced muscle glucose uptake increased hepatic glucose output b-cell toxicity Reduced glucose uptake Increased protein catabolism Excessive lipolysis í increased FFAs Defective b - cell secretion Resistance to the action of insulin Excess glucose production

Hvað gerist fyrst ? Fasting glucose Glucose tolerance Insulin action Insulin secretion Normal IGT Type 2 Diabetes Hyperglycaemia Abnormal glucose-tolerance Decreased insulin sensitivity Hyperinsulinaemia, then B-cell failure I II III IV V

Insulin resistance & insulin hypersecretion 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 25 28 35 >35 Insulin resistance Insulin hypersecretion Prevalence among non-diabetic normo- tensive subjects (%) Body mass index (kg/m2) Ferrannini Eur J Clin Invest 1998;28 (Suppl. 2): 3-7

The Link Between Obesity and Insulin Resistance Nature Jan 2001