17-2 South Carolina’s State House was topped by a Confederate battle flag until the year 2000 when the state’s citizens voted to remove it—135 years after the Civil War ended. It still flies, however, on the State House grounds.

C

Black Codes: A New Slavery? Violence & discrimination against freedmen by whites was common: Southerners used black codes to keep former slaves from voting, getting jobs, buying land 1,000s of blacks were murdered U.S. army did not have enough troops to keep order in the South

The 14th Amendment In 1866, Congress voted to extend the Freedmen’s Bureau & passed a Civil Rights Bill to protect against Black Codes Johnson vetoed both bills, arguing that they violated states’ rights Congress overrode both vetoes (for the1st time in U.S. history!)

The 14th Amendment Congress feared Johnson would allow violations of civil rights so it passed the 14th Amendment: Federal gov’t must protect the civil rights of all Americans Defined the meaning of “citizenship” for Americans Clearly defined punishments for Southern states who violated the civil rights of African-Americans

Johnson’s “Swing Around the Circle” In the 1866 mid-term elections, Johnson toured the South trying to convince voters to elect Congressmen who would reject the 14th Amendment The plan back-fired & Republicans won a 3-1 majority in both houses of Congress & gained control of every northern state

Radical Reconstruction Congress, led by Thaddeus Stevens, trumped Johnson by passing it its own Radical Reconstruction plan in 1867: Congress could confiscate & redistribute Southern plantations Allowed quick re-entry for states that supported black suffrage Ex-Confederates couldn’t vote And… Thaddeus Stevens the most influential of the “radical” Republicans; He opposed the Crittenden Compromise, led the impeachment charges against Johnson, & drafted the Radical Reconstruction plan used from 1867 to 1877

Why did the Radical Republicans think Johnson’s Reconstruction plans were not strong enough and what actions did they take? They wanted to protect the freedom of African Americans, and Johnson’s plan offered no way to do this. States were allowed to decide what to do about freed people under Johnson’s plan, Southern states passed black codes, which were an extension of slavery. The Radical Republicans challenged the black codes and overrode the presidential vetoes both on the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and on extending the life and powers of the Freedmen’s Bureau. They also wanted to be sure that African Americans would not lose any rights of the Civil Rights Act, so they passed the Fourteenth Amendment.

Radical Reconstruction 1st Reconstruction Act The ten states were divided into five military districts under the command of military officers. African American males were guaranteed the right to vote in state elections. Former Confederate leaders could not hold political office. To be readmitted, each state had to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and submit its new state constitution to Congress. 2nd Reconstruction Act passed weeks later. Required military commanders to register voters By 1868 seven Southern states had established new governments and met the conditions for readmission. They were Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina. By 1870 the final three states restored to the Union were Mississippi, Virginia, and Texas.

Notebook # 6 Map Questions

#6 Read 17-2 and do section 2 Questions 2-7

Created 5 military districts to enforce acts But, Radical Reconstruction was so dependent on massive & sustained federal aid that it was not adequate to enforce equality in the South… Created 5 military districts to enforce Reconstruction The success of Reconstruction …and Johnson obstructed Republicans’ plans by removing sympathetic cabinet members & generals

The Impeachment Crisis Johnson argued that removal could only occur due to “high crimes & misdemeanors” but no “crime” had been committed In Feb 1868, the House voted 126-47 to impeach Johnson, but the Senate fell 1 vote short of conviction & removal from office Some Republicans refused to establish the precedent of removing a president But…Johnson did promise to enforce Reconstruction for the remainder of his term…& he did! For violating the Tenure of Office Act when he tried to fire Sec of War Edwin Stanton 11 week trial. Johnson was acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote)

The Johnson Impeachment & Senate Trial

Create a Timeline Using the 10 Dates below must include 5 pictures with color Notebook Assignment # 7

Gaining Rights for Blacks In 1870, the 15th Amendment gave all men the right to vote regardless of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude” Freedmen fought for civil rights: Legalized marriage Used courts to assert claims against whites & other blacks Saw education as their 1st opportunity to become literate Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

Resistance to New Rights During Reconstruction secret societies committed violence against African Americans and white supporters of African Americans. Ku Klux Klan, formed in 1866, killed them and burned their homes, churches, and schools. Klan’s supporters were Southerners, especially planters and Democrats who wanted to reestablish white supremacy and saw violence as a way to attack Republicans. Southerners opposed to violence and terrorism appealed to the federal government. In1870 and 1871, Congress passed several laws without too much success. Some arrests were made, but most white Southerners would not testify against these people.

Election 1868 Republicans chose General Ulysses S. Grant (Civil War Hero) Dems nominate Horatio Seymour (former governor NY) Grant wins 214 electoral votes of 294 (most southern blacks vote for him) 1868 Election was vote on Reconstruction and voters chose Republican approach After election Republicans pass 15th amendment

The “Reconstruction” Amendments

Notebook Assignment #7 Read 17-3 and do section 3 Questions 2-7