Volume 14, Issue 9, Pages 903-913 (September 2015) Incidence, outcome, risk factors, and long-term prognosis of cryptogenic transient ischaemic attack and ischaemic stroke: a population-based study  Linxin Li, DPhil, Gabriel S Yiin, DPhil, Olivia C Geraghty, DPhil, Ursula G Schulz, DPhil, Wilhelm Kuker, FRCR, Ziyah Mehta, DPhil, Prof Peter M Rothwell, FMedSci  The Lancet Neurology  Volume 14, Issue 9, Pages 903-913 (September 2015) DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00132-5 Copyright © 2015 Li et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY-NC-ND Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Number of atherosclerotic risk factors and frequency of comorbid atherosclerotic disease in different transient ischaemic attack and ischaemic stroke subtypes Frequencies of risk factors and comorbid disease are shown (A) overall and for (B) females and (C) males. Data on smoking status were missing in four patients with cardioembolic events and two patients with cryptogenic events. Risk factors were male sex, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, and history of smoking. Male sex was not taken into account in the stratification analysis by sex (ie, B and C). p values are for heterogeneity among all subtypes using the χ2 test. ESUS=embolic strokes of undetermined source. LAD=large artery disease. PVD=peripheral vascular disease. SVD=small vessel disease. *Asymptomatic carotid stenosis ≥50% at bifurcation. The Lancet Neurology 2015 14, 903-913DOI: (10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00132-5) Copyright © 2015 Li et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY-NC-ND Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Severity of stenosis at the asymptomatic carotid bifurcation in different transient ischaemic attack and ischaemic stroke subtypes Carotid events were calculated as carotid stenosis (%) at the asymptomatic side; posterior circulation events were calculated as mean carotid stenosis (%) of both carotid arteries at the bifurcation. p values are for the difference of stenosis distribution between cryptogenic and other subtypes. The Lancet Neurology 2015 14, 903-913DOI: (10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00132-5) Copyright © 2015 Li et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY-NC-ND Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 10-year absolute risks of acute coronary events, cardioembolic events, and recurrent ischaemic stroke TIA=transient ischaemic attack. *Consisted of recurrent cardioembolic stroke, acute embolic limb ischaemia, and acute embolic visceral embolisation caused by presumed cardioembolism. The Lancet Neurology 2015 14, 903-913DOI: (10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00132-5) Copyright © 2015 Li et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY-NC-ND Terms and Conditions