Mutations

Change in the number, type, or order of bases on a strand of DNA Mutations What is it? Change in the number, type, or order of bases on a strand of DNA

Types (3) Deletion Base pair removed Insertion Base pair added Substitution Base pair replaced (Wrong base is used) Most Common

Possible consequences: An improved trait . No change. (Neutral Effect) A harmful trait.

How do they happen? Due to random (spontaneous) errors when DNA is copied. Caused by mutagens.

What is a mutagen? Any physical or chemical agent that can cause a mutation in DNA Examples – UV Radiation Asbestos Cigarette Smoke  

DNA and Mutations – Lets looks at different mutations THE DOG BIT THE CAT

Deletion: Delete just one letter (T): THE DOG BIT HEC AT DNA and Mutations - Deletion THE DOG BIT THE CAT Deletion: Delete just one letter (T): THE DOG BIT HEC AT

Insertion - Add just one letter (E): THE DOE GBI TTH ECA T DNA and Mutations-Insertions THE DOG BIT THE CAT Insertion - Add just one letter (E): THE DOE GBI TTH ECA T Cells have “proof reading” proteins that constantly check the DNA and fix errors, so most are corrected

Substitution - Replace just one letter: THE DOG BIT THE CAR DNA and Mutations - Substitution THE DOG BIT THE CAT Substitution - Replace just one letter: THE DOG BIT THE CAR

What is a mutagen? Any physical or chemical agent that can cause a mutation in DNA. Examples: UV Radiation Asbestos Chemicals in Cigarette Smoke

Natural Mutations

These are not albinos; they have pigmented eyes.

ALBINOS Little or no pigmentation in the eyes, skin, and hair (or in some cases in the eyes alone). Inherited an altered copy of a gene that does not work correctly. The altered gene does not allow the body to make the usual amounts of a pigment called "melanin". True albinos have pink eyes and skin.

White Bluebonnets

Pink Bluebonnets

HUMAN INTERVENTION

SELECTIVE BREEDING The selection of certain seeds or animals for reproduction in order to influence the traits inherited by the next generation.

SELECTIVE BREEDING The Liger is the result of breeding a female Tiger to a male Lion. The liger has both stripes and spots. The stripes are inherited from its tiger parent and the spots from the lion parent. On their hind legs, ligers stand approximately 12 feet tall. At most, ligers may weigh up to 1,000 pounds.

The Cama is the result of breeding a Llama to a Camel The Cama is the result of breeding a Llama to a Camel. Parents in background of picture.

The Zebroid is the result of breeding a female Horse and a male Zebra. The Zedonk / Zonkey is the result of breeding a female Donkey and male Zebra.

Geep - These are the result of a sheep and a goat.                                                                      Geep - These are the result of a sheep and a goat.

The Mule is the result of breeding a female horse (mare) to a male donkey (jack). The mule is superior to the horse in strength, endurance, intelligence and disease resistance.

Maroon & Red Bluebonnets

The selective, deliberate change of genes (genetic material) by man. GENETIC ENGINEERING The selective, deliberate change of genes (genetic material) by man. The technique of removing, modifying or adding genes to a DNA molecule in order to change the information it contains.

Bright face of genetically modified corn plant: pest-infected non-GM (left) and pest-free GM plant (right) planted side-by-side in a field trial. (photo: Dr. Yu Jialin, China Agricultural University)

                                                                                                                    French genetic researchers created Alba for artist Eduardo Kac. Thanks to genes borrowed from a jellyfish, the albino rabbit glows green when placed under special lighting. In regular light, Alba appears like any other furry white rabbit. But place her under a black light, and her eyes, whiskers and fur glow a otherworldly green.

                                                                                                                                                       "Glow in the dark" fish. these genetically modified fish were developed by a Taiwanese aquatic firm, Taikong Group. They are planning to reproduce these fish in numbers and sell them for pets.

http://www.fluorescentpets.com/index.htm

                                                                                                                                    Scientists in the agriculture department of the Hebrew University in Rehovot have genetically engineered a chicken that has no feathers.