What is matter? Chemistry is the study of matter and how matter interacts with each other Matter is made up of small particles called atoms An atom is the smallest part of matter/an element that can be recognized as that element Back to this later…

Chemical and Physical Properties of Matter Chemical properties are properties that describe how matter interacts with each other Physical properties describes the material which composes the matter

Physical Properties Density- how much matter is packed into a given volume Malleability- the ability to be pound into a sheet Ductility- the ability to be drawn into a wire Conductivity- the ability to conduct an electrical charge Shape, size, color

Physical Changes A Physical change does not change the identity of the matter Examples include: Change of state of matter (melting, freezing, vaporization) Cutting a block of wood Adding dye to water

Chemical Properties Reactivity Combustibility pH Electromotive force

Chemical Changes A chemical change forms a completely new product The identity of the matter completely changes Examples Rusting Burning Salt formation from the neutralization of and acid and or base

Pure Substances Pure substance cannot be separated into 2 or more substances by physical or mechanical means is homogeneous, i.e., has uniform composition throughout the whole sample its properties are constant throughout the whole sample its properties do not depend on how it is prepared or purified has constant chemical composition

Mixtures A mixture: can be separated into 2 or more substances by physical or mechanical means displays the properties of the pure substances making it up its composition can be varied by changing the proportion of pure substances making it up heterogeneous substances, ones with non-uniform composition throughout the sample, are always mixtures

Elements Classifying Elements Chemical symbols- are abbreviations for the names of the elements The first letter of a chemical symbol is always a capital letter The second (and third) letter (s) are always lower case A capital letter always indicates a new element CO= Carbon and Oxygen – Carbon monoxide, a gas Co= Cobalt, a metal

Compounds When atoms join together with other atoms to form units they are called molecules The process of combining different types of atoms is called a chemical change or chemical reaction Compounds- are the products of chemical changes A combination of 2 or more different atoms types of elements

Common Compounds H2O- water NaCl- sodium chloride- table salt

The Atom

Atoms Atoms are made of three particles Nucleus- condensed center of an atom 1. Protons- positively charged particles inside the nucleus of an atom 2. Neutrons- neutral/no charge particles inside the nucleus of an atom Shells- space surrounding the nucleus of an atom 3. Electron- negatively charged particles travelling around the nucleus of an atom

Atomic Number The atomic number is the number that represents the element- it is the number of protons in a given atom/element

What is energy? Energy is the ability to do work and these atoms are working all the time.

Energy Forms Energy comes in many different forms Potential energy- energy due to position Kinetic energy energy in motion Electrical energy forces that move electrically charged particles Chemical energy energy responsible for making and breaking chemical bonds Nuclear energy cause by the removal or addition of particles in the nucleus of an atom

Conservation of Matter and Energy Now it is important to note that matter and energy cannot be created nor destroyed only transferred from one form to another The Law of Conservation of Energy The 1st law of thermodynamics

Law of Entropy Now all of this matter and it energy is constantly changing forms and is constantly moving towards a state of disorder or randomness- entropy

2nd Law of Thermodynamics This law states that all natural processes tend toward the highest entropy and minimal useable energy Entropy or disorder is always increasing

5 States of Matter Solid- particles are tightly packed, usually in a regular pattern. particles vibrate (jiggle) but generally do not move from place to place. Liquid- particles are close together with no regular arrangement. Particles vibrate, move about, and slide past each other. Gas- particles are well separated with no regular arrangement. Particles vibrate and move freely at high speeds.

States of Matter Plasma- this is an ionized gas. It is gas that has so hot that it acts as a liquid The particles are packaged similarly to a liquid Bose Einstein? It is a super fluid with some odd characteristics It is super cold, it exists at absolute 0