The Active Ingredient of a pesticide usually can not be added to the carrier without modification, so the manufacturer may add Inert Ingredients such as solvents, wetting agents, stickers, etc.

The Active Ingredient of a pesticide usually can not be added to the carrier without modification, so the manufacturer may add other chemicals such as solvents, wetting agents, stickers, etc. This combination is called a FORMULATION

A pesticide Formulation can rarely be used as it was originally made.

A pesticide Formulation can rarely be used as it was originally made. It must be diluted with water, oil, air or other “carriers” so that it can be handled by application equipment and applied evenly to the target area. This combination is called a DILUTION

There are many different types of Formulations: Aerosols (A) Convenient Low Concentration AI BUT, -Expensive -Attractive Nuisances

There are many different types of Formulations: Dusts (D) -Ready to Use -Easily Applied BUT, -High Inhalation Exposure -Highly Prone to Drift -High Profile -Easily Removed from Target

There are many different types of Formulations: Baits -Baits can be strategically placed and removed -Virtually no drift or contamination BUT, -Attractive Nuisance -Secondary Poisoning

There are many different types of Formulations: Granules (G) -Simple Application -Ready to Use -Low Drift BUT, -Not Good For Foliar Applications

There are many different types of Formulations: Ready-To-Use (RTU) -Low Concentration AI -Convenient BUT, -Expensive -Limited Use

There are many different types of Formulations: Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) -High Concentration AI -Easily Mixed & Stay In Solution -Economical BUT, -Over or Under Mixing Easy -Higher Risk For Exposure -Caustic

There are many different types of Formulations: Flowables (F) -Finely Ground Solid Particles Suspended in a Liquid -Easily Mixed with Moderate Agitation -Low Clog

There are many different types of Formulations: Wettable or Soluble Powders (WP) (SP) -Lower Phytotoxicity than EC -Lower Dermal Exposure Risk -Relatively Low Cost -Easy to Store and Handle BUT, -High Inhalation Exposure -Requires Much Agitation (Will Settle Out) -Abrasive to Equipment

There are many different types of Formulations: Fumigants (F) -Nonselective pesticide -Penetration BUT, -Treatment Area Must Be Enclosed -High Risk

The applicator should choose the FORMULATION best suited for his/her needs. Considerations: Efficacy

The applicator should choose the FORMULATION best suited for his/her needs. Considerations: Efficacy Pest Habitat

The applicator should choose the FORMULATION best suited for his/her needs. Considerations: Efficacy Pest Habitat Drift/Runoff Potential

The applicator should choose the FORMULATION best suited for his/her needs. Considerations: Efficacy Pest Habitat Drift/Runoff Potential Phytotoxicity

The applicator should choose the FORMULATION best suited for his/her needs. Considerations: Efficacy Pest Habitat Drift/Runoff Potential Phytotoxicity Individual Concerns (Equipment, PPE, Facilities…)

Mixing/Loading Site Should Be: 1. Situated Away From People, Animals, Surface Water & Wells.

Mixing/Loading Site Should Be: Adequately Ventilated

Mixing/Loading Site Should Be: 3. Supplied with: wash water, soap & towels eye wash kit change of clothes spill clean up supplies

Mixing/Loading Site Should Be: An Impervious Surface – which allows applicator to control, contain and recover any spills while minimizing ground and surface water contaminations.

Before Mixing & Loading: Check the Pesticide Label For: Mixing/Loading Instructions

Before Mixing & Loading: Check the Pesticide Label For: Mixing/Loading Instructions Mixing Rates

Before Mixing & Loading: Check the Pesticide Label For: Mixing/Loading Instructions Mixing Rates PPE Requirements

Before Mixing & Loading: If mixing more than one formulation together, make sure they are “compatible”

Before Mixing & Loading: If mixing more than one formulation together, make sure they are “compatible” When mixing different formulations, use the W-A-L-E thumb rule

W-A-L-E Begin with a partially filled tank (1/4 – 1/2)

W-A-L-E Begin with a partially filled tank (1/4 – 1/2) 2. Add Wettable Powders and/or Water Dispersible Granules

W-A-L-E Begin with a partially filled tank (1/4 – 1/2) 2. Add Wettable Powders and/or Water Dispersible Granules 3. Agitate while filling tank to 90% capacity

W-A-L-E Begin with a partially filled tank (1/4 – 1/2) 2. Add Wettable Powders and/or Water Dispersible Granules 3. Agitate while filling tank to 90% capacity 4. Add Flowable Liquids

W-A-L-E Begin with a partially filled tank (1/4 – 1/2) 2. Add Wettable Powders and/or Water Dispersible Granules 3. Agitate while filling tank to 90% capacity 4. Add Flowable Liquids 5. Add Emulsifiable Concentrates

W-A-L-E Begin with a partially filled tank (1/4 – 1/2) 2. Add Wettable Powders and/or Water Dispersible Granules 3. Agitate while filling tank to 90% capacity 4. Add Flowable Liquids 5. Add Emulsifiable Concentrates 6. Finish filling tank while agitating

-Mixing and Loading should be performed just before the application is to be made.

-Mixing and Loading should be performed just before the application is to be made. -Check weather before mixing

When Mixing: Do not leave operation unattended!

When Mixing: 2. Use water with pH 4 – 7.

Importance of Correct pH

When Mixing: 3. Consider using Adjuvants (additives that enhance pesticidal activity) - Buffering Agents for pH adjustment - Wetting Agents/Emulsifiers aid in mixing - Anti Drift increases droplet size

When Mixing: Mix no more than you plan to use immediately. This will: - reduce the need to dispose of excess dilutions - minimize potential for surface & groundwater contamination

When Mixing: Triple rinse containers when emptied during mixing/loading. - Add rinsate to tank. - Puncture empty container to prevent reuse.

5 Step Spill Plan 1. Control the Spill Contain the Spill Report the Spill Clean up the Spill Dispose of Spill Materials

1. Control the Spill Take immediate steps to stop further leaks Shut down equipment Turn off a valve Set container upright if on its side

1. Control the Spill Take immediate steps to stop further leaks Plug any leaks on large tanks or containers. Place broken bags or packets in larger plastic bags and label

5 Step Spill Plan 1. Control the Spill 2. Contain the Spill 3. Report the Spill 4. Clean up the Spill 5. Dispose of Spill Materials

Stop the spread of the spill using pillows, clays or booms. 2. Contain the Spill Stop the spread of the spill using pillows, clays or booms.

5 Step Spill Plan Control the Spill Contain the Spill 3. Report the Spill 4. Clean up the Spill 5. Dispose of Spill Materials

Emergency Notification 3. Report the Spill Emergency Notification All Class A, B and C Dealers, certified commercial and noncommercial applicators, certified private applicators, licensed pesticide applicator companies, pesticide producing establishments and persons working for licensed applicator companies under the supervision of a certified applicator, shall report pesticide accidents immediately…

TO: 3. Report the Spill VT Department of Agriculture Plant Industry Section 802-828-2431 VT Dept. of Public Safety 24 hrs/day – 7 days/wk 1-800-641-5005

3. Report the Spill What was spilled Amount spill Source of spill (truck, sprayer, etc) Concentration of spilled material (formulation or dilution) Location, date and time of spill Your response (what have you done so far) Environmental impacts (if any) Health risks (human or animal) Was medical attention required

5 Step Spill Plan Control the Spill Contain the Spill Report the Spill 4. Clean Up the Spill 5. Dispose of Spill Materials

4. Clean Up the Spill All Spills – avoid using sawdust with oxidizers

4. Clean Up the Spill Liquid Spills: Work cleaning or neutralizing compound into spill with coarse broom. Add more absorbent material and collect into labeled container until spill site is sufficiently clean

4. Clean Up the Spill Dry Spills: Collect all material into labeled container until sufficiently clean

4. Clean Up the Spill Soil: Minor Spills - use activated charcoal

4. Clean Up the Spill Soil: Major Spills - remove top 2-4 inches, place in labeled container for proper disposal

5 Step Spill Plan Control the Spill Contain the Spill Report the Spill 4. Clean Up the Spill 5. Dispose of Spill Materials

5. Dispose of Spill Materials

5. Dispose of Spill Materials If it is possible to recover the contaminated material (clays), you may be able to apply it to the pesticide labeled site Some absorbent products are designed to dissolve in water and can be added back into the spray tank and applied to labeled site Absorbent materials and heavily contaminated soil must be disposed of properly

Calculations How many pounds of AI are there in a 10 pound bag of a 50WP?

Calculations How many pounds of AI are there in a 10 pound bag of a 50WP? 0.5# A.I. = X # A.I. 1# product 10# of product  

Calculations How many pounds of AI are there in a 10 pound bag of a 50WP? 0.5# A.I. = X # A.I. 1# product 10# of product   (1) (X) = (0.5) (10)

Calculations How many pounds of AI are there in a 10 pound bag of a 50WP? 0.5# A.I. = X # A.I. 1# product 10# of product   (1) (X) = (0.5) (10) X = 5

Calculations How many pounds of AI are there in a 10 pound bag of a 50WP? 0.5# A.I. = X # A.I. 1# product 10# of product   (1) (X) = (0.5) (10) X = 5 5# A.I. in a 10# bag of 50WP

Calculations How many pounds of a 75%WP are needed to supply 15 pounds of AI?

Calculations How many pounds of a 75%WP are needed to supply 15 pounds of AI? () X 0.75 = 15

Calculations How many pounds of a 75%WP are needed to supply 15 pounds of AI? 0.75 pounds A.I. = 15 pounds A.I. 1 pound of product X pounds of product

Calculations How many pounds of a 75%WP are needed to supply 15 pounds of AI? 0.75 pounds A.I. = 15 pounds A.I. 1 pound of product X pounds of product   (15) = (0.75) (x)

Calculations How many pounds of a 75%WP are needed to supply 15 pounds of AI? 0.75 pounds A.I. = 15 pounds A.I. 1 pound of product X pounds of product   (15) = (0.75) (x) 15 = .75X

Calculations How many pounds of a 75%WP are needed to supply 15 pounds of AI? 0.75 pounds A.I. = 15 pounds A.I. 1 pound of product X pounds of product   (15) = (0.75) (x) 15 = .75X Divide both sides by .75 to solve for “X” 15 = .75X .75 .75

Calculations How many pounds of a 75%WP are needed to supply 15 pounds of AI? 0.75 pounds A.I. = 15 pounds A.I. 1 pound of product X pounds of product   (15) = (0.75) (x) 15 = .75X Divide both sides by .75 to solve for “X” 15 = .75X .75 .75 X = 20# of 75%WP needed to provide 15# AI.

Calculations 3. How many pounds of AI are there in a 5 gallon container of Atrazine 4L?

Calculations 3. How many pounds of AI are there in a 5 gallon container of Atrazine 4L? 5 gallons X 4# A.I./gallon =

Calculations 3. How many pounds of AI are there in a 5 gallon container of Atrazine 4L? 5 gallons X 4# A.I./gallon = 20# A.I.

Calculations 4. The label on a granular pesticide calls for an application rate of 4 pounds of A.I. per 1,000 square feet. How many pounds of active ingredient would you need to treat an area that measures 125 feet long by 90 feet wide.

125 feet X 90 feet = 11,250 square feet Calculations 4. The label on a granular pesticide calls for an application rate of 4 pounds of A.I. per 1,000 square feet. How many pounds of active ingredient would you need to treat an area that measures 125 feet long by 90 feet wide. 125 feet X 90 feet = 11,250 square feet

125 feet X 90 feet = 11,250 square feet Calculations 4. The label on a granular pesticide calls for an application rate of 4 pounds of A.I. per 1,000 square feet. How many pounds of active ingredient would you need to treat an area that measures 125 feet long by 90 feet wide. 125 feet X 90 feet = 11,250 square feet You know you need 4 pounds to treat 1,000 square feet.

Calculations 1,000 square feet 11,250 square feet 4. The label on a granular pesticide calls for an application rate of 4 pounds of A.I. per 1,000 square feet. How many pounds of active ingredient would you need to treat an area that measures 125 feet long by 90 feet wide. 4 pounds A.I. = X pounds A.I. 1,000 square feet 11,250 square feet  

Calculations 1,000 square feet 11,250 square feet 4. The label on a granular pesticide calls for an application rate of 4 pounds of A.I. per 1,000 square feet. How many pounds of active ingredient would you need to treat an area that measures 125 feet long by 90 feet wide. 4 pounds A.I. = X pounds A.I. 1,000 square feet 11,250 square feet   (4) (11,250) = (X) (1,000)

Calculations (4) (11,250) = (X) (1,000) 45,000 = 1,000 X 4. The label on a granular pesticide calls for an application rate of 4 pounds of A.I. per 1,000 square feet. How many pounds of active ingredient would you need to treat an area that measures 125 feet long by 90 feet wide.   (4) (11,250) = (X) (1,000) 45,000 = 1,000 X

45,000 = X Divide each side by 1000 to solve for X 1,000 Calculations 4. The label on a granular pesticide calls for an application rate of 4 pounds of A.I. per 1,000 square feet. How many pounds of active ingredient would you need to treat an area that measures 125 feet long by 90 feet wide.   (4) (11,250) = (X) (1,000) 45,000 = 1,000 X 45,000 = X Divide each side by 1000 to solve for X 1,000

45,000 = X Divide each side by 1000 to solve for X 1,000 Calculations 4. The label on a granular pesticide calls for an application rate of 4 pounds of A.I. per 1,000 square feet. How many pounds of active ingredient would you need to treat an area that measures 125 feet long by 90 feet wide.   (4) (11,250) = (X) (1,000) 45,000 = 1,000 X 45,000 = X Divide each side by 1000 to solve for X 1,000 X = 45# of AI are needed to treat 11,250 square ft

Calculations 5. How much of a 25G product would you need to provide 45# AI to treat 11,250 square feet?

Calculations How much of a 25G product would you need to provide 45# AI to treat 11,250 square feet? .25 pounds A.I. = 45 pounds A.I. 1 pounds product X pounds of product (X) (.25) = (1) (45) .

Calculations How much of a 25G product would you need to provide 45# AI to treat 11,250 square feet? .25 pounds A.I. = 45 pounds A.I. 1 pounds product X pounds of product (X) (.25) = (1) (45) .25 X = 45

Calculations How much of a 25G product would you need to provide 45# AI to treat 11,250 square feet? .25 pounds A.I. = 45 pounds A.I. 1 pounds product X pounds of product (X) (.25) = (1) (45) .25 X = 45 .25 X = 45 Divide each side by 0.25 to solve for X .25 .25

Calculations How much of a 25G product would you need to provide 45# AI to treat 11,250 square feet? .25 pounds A.I. = 45 pounds A.I. 1 pounds product X pounds of product (X) (.25) = (1) (45) .25 X = 45 .25 X = 45 .25 .25 X = 180 pounds of a 25G product are needed to treat 11,250 square feet.

Dusters

Granule Spreaders

Granule Spreaders

Hand Operated Sprayers

Boom Sprayers

Boom Sprayers

High Pressure Sprayers

High Pressure Sprayers

Air Blast Sprayers

Air Blast Sprayers

Aerosol Generators

Fixed Wing Applicators

Rotary Applicators

Equipment Components Pumps - There are many different types of pumps. The pump is used to move the material from the tank to the nozzle. Nozzle – Perhaps the most important component, has three primary functions.

3 Functions of Nozzles Regulates Flow of Material

3 Functions of Nozzles Regulates Flow of Material More effective than pressure - A 4X increase in pressure will increase flow 2X

3 Functions of Nozzles Regulates Flow of Material More effective than pressure - A 4X increase in pressure will increase flow 2X 2. Atomize the Stream into Droplets

Droplets 1 Micron = 1/25,000 inch 100 Microns = 1 Human Hair < 100 Microns will drift 160 Microns = Fine (Insects) 275 Microns = Medium (Foliage) > 300 Microns will bounce 400 Microns = Coarse (Soil)

3 Functions of Nozzles Regulates Flow of Material More effective than pressure - A 4X increase in pressure will increase flow 2X 2. Atomize the Stream into Droplets 3. Spread Droplets in a Specific Pattern

Different Types of Nozzles

Different Types of Nozzles

Calibration precisely determines the output of the application equipment and will help you identify faulty components. It may also yield a savings in spray costs when correctly adjusted and maintained.

Reasons to Calibrate: Roughly 60% of sprayers have a calibration error greater than + or – 10%.

Reasons to Calibrate: Roughly 60% of sprayers have a calibration error greater that + or – 10%. 43% of sprayers have a greater than + or – 10% variation in discharge between nozzles

Reasons to Calibrate: Roughly 60% of sprayers have a calibration error greater that + or – 10%. 43% of sprayers have a greater than + or – 10% variation in discharge between nozzles 3. 32% have inaccurate travel speed

Reasons to Calibrate: Roughly 60% of sprayers have a calibration error greater that + or – 10%. 43% of sprayers have a greater than + or – 10% variation in discharge between nozzles 3. 32% have inaccurate travel speed 13% have inaccurate pressure gauges, many indicating too low pressure.

Reasons to Calibrate: Roughly 60% of sprayers have a calibration error greater that + or – 10%. 43% of sprayers have a greater than + or – 10% variation in discharge between nozzles 3. 32% have inaccurate travel speed 13% have inaccurate pressure gauges, many indicating too low pressure. 8% have inadequate hose size to supply nozzles, causing system pressure drops.

Groundspeed

Nozzle Wear

Nozzle Wear

The Calibration process never ends. Check yourself with each application Replace worn nozzles (at least yearly) A 10% overapplication on 100 acre farm at $20.00/acre = $200.00 loss