Reproductive System (Animal reproduction) By: Alycia Barnhill and Victoria Perez

Outline: 1) ______ ______ is the the generation of new individuals without the fusion of egg and sperm 2) ______, _______, _______, and ________ are some of the ways that organisms to able to reproduce asexually. 3) ______ is the separation of a parent organism into two individuals of approximately the same size. 4) _______ is the outgrowth of a part of a cell or body region leading to a separation from the original organism into two individuals 5) _________ is a type of asexual reproduction in which the offspring develops from unfertilized eggs. 6) ______ _______ is a process in which two kinds of sex cells, or gametes, are involved 7) ___________ is an organism that has reproductive organs normally associated with both male and female sexes. 8) _________ is where an individual changes its sex during its life time 9) ________ ________ is where the female releases her eggs into the environment and the male then fertilizes them. 10) _________ ________ is where a male releases sperm in or near the female reproductive tract, and fertilization occurs within the tract

Asexual Reproduction: Asexual reproduction is the the generation of new individuals without the fusion of egg and sperm. Fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis are some of the ways that organisms to able to reproduce asexually. The hydra produces buds; starfish can regenerate an entire body from a fragment of the original body. Asexual reproduction allows an organism to rapidly produce many offspring without the time and resources committed to courtship, finding a mate, and mating. The lack of genetic variability in asexually reproducing populations can be detrimental when environmental conditions (for which all the clones are so well adapted) change quickly. For most asexual animals, reproduction relies entirely on mitotic cell division.

Fission and budding: -Fission is the separation of a parent organism into two individuals of approximately the same size. -Budding is a form of asexual reproduction that results from the outgrowth of a part of a cell or body region leading to a separation from the original organism into two individuals. Budding occurs most commonly in some invertebrate animals such as corals. (Multiple Lizard species can do this as well.)

Parthenogenesis: Parthenogenesis is a type of asexual reproduction in which the offspring develops from unfertilized eggs. It is particularly common amongst arthropods and rotifers, can also be found in some species of fish, amphibians, birds, and reptiles, but not in mammals. The progeny of parthenogenesis can be either haploid or diploid. Among vertebrates, parthenogenesis is observed in roughly one in every one thousand species. Recently discovered species include the Komodo Dragon and a species of hammer head shark.

Sexual reproduction: In the human reproductive process, two kinds of sex cells, or gametes, are involved. The male gamete, or sperm, and the female gamete, the egg or ovum, meet in the female's reproductive system. When the sperm fertilizes, or meets, the egg, this fertilized egg is called the zygote.

Hermaphroditism: A hermaphrodite is an organism that has reproductive organs normally associated with both male and female sexes. Many taxonomic groups of animals (mostly invertebrates) do not have separate sexes. In these groups, hermaphroditism is a normal condition, enabling a form of sexual reproduction in which both partners can act as the "female" or "male". For example, the great majority of tunicates, pulmonate snails, opisthobranch snails and slugs are hermaphrodites. Hermaphroditism is also found in some fish species and to a lesser degree in other vertebrates. Most plants are also hermaphrodites. While this counts as sexual reproduction, in some animals species, hermaphrodites are capable of self-fertilization.

Sex reversal: Sex reversal is where an individual changes its sex during its life time. Example: When the dominant blue-head wrasse male disappears from his harem, the largest (and usually oldest) female is prompted to take over. Once the largest fish of the harem detects the absence of the territorial dominant male, it immediately undergoes transitional changes in order to replace the missing leader. This process is a response to a social cue that is regulated by the change in hormones. Within a week, the transformed individual is producing sperm instead of eggs.

Fertilization: The action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

External Fertilization: External fertilization is where the female releases her eggs into the environment and the male then fertilizes them. Example: Many amphibians reproduce by external fertilization. In most species, behavioral adaptations ensure that a male is present when the female releases her eggs. Here, a female frog (on bottom) has released a mass of eggs in response to being clasped by a male. The male released sperm (not visible) at the same time, and external fertilization has already occurred in the water.

Internal fertilization: Internal fertilization is where a male releases sperm in or near the female reproductive tract, and fertilization occurs within the tract. Internal fertilization is an adaptation that enables a sperm to reach an egg efficiently, even when the environment is dry. An example of the efficiency of internal fertilization and LOOK AT THE PUPPIES!!

Quiz time: Answer 1-4 by giving the definition in your own words. What is reproduction? What is asexual reproduction? What is sexual reproduction? What is fertilization? What are multiple forms of asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, and fertilization? List at least two for each.

That’s all we’re going to teach y’all That’s all we’re going to teach y’all. Biology makes every category of everything end up being giant, so that was the end. Here are the sources used for this presentation: Our biology textbook. Chapter 46. http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A /AsexualReproduction.html http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S /Sexual_Reproduction.html http://regentsprep.org/regents/biology/units/reproduction /sexual.cfm http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/meiosis- genetic-recombination-and-sexual-reproduction-210 A lot of Wikipedia too, yup this is it. My reaction to every place outside of home. Reproduction was used to bring this puppy to you. That is all, good day.