Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 26-2 Sponges Photo Credit: Fred McConnaughey/Photo Researchers, Inc. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What is a Sponge? What is a Sponge? Sponges are in the phylum Porifera which means “pore-bearers.” They are the simplest and probably most unusual animals, and because they have been living on Earth for at least 540 million years, they are also the most ancient animals. Poriferans are described as “parazoa,” which means no true tissues. They are the first multicellular animals, but sponge cells do not specialize into tissues. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What is a Sponge? Sponges are classified as animals because they are : multicellular heterotrophic have no cell walls contain a few specialized cells Because sponges are so different from other animals, scientists think that they evolved independently from all other animals. Other evidence suggests sponges share a common ancestor with other animals but that they separated from this ancestor long before the other groups did. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Form and Function in Sponges Sponges are sessile, meaning that they live their entire adult life attached to a single spot. Sponges do not have a mouth or gut, and they have no tissues or organ systems. Simple physiological processes are carried out by a few specialized cells. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Form and Function in Sponges Body Plan Sponges are asymmetrical; they have no front or back ends, no left or right sides. Sponges carry out basic functions, such as feeding and circulation, by moving water through their bodies. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Form and Function in Sponges The body of a sponge forms a wall around a large central cavity called the spongocoel through which water is circulated continually. Central cavity Sponges carry out basic functions, such as feeding and circulation, by moving water through their bodies. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Form and Function in Sponges Choanocyte Choanocytes are specialized cells that use flagella to move a steady current of water through the sponge and line the spongocoel. Pore Sponges carry out basic functions, such as feeding and circulation, by moving water through their bodies. Choanocytes use flagella to move water through pores in the wall of the sponge and out through the osculum. As water moves through the sponge, food particles are filtered from the water, and wastes are removed from the sponge. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Form and Function in Sponges Water flow Water enters through pores located in the body wall called ostia and leaves through the osculum, a large hole at the top of the sponge. The movement of water through the sponge provides a simple mechanism for feeding, respiration, circulation, and excretion. Osculum Pores Sponges carry out basic functions, such as feeding and circulation, by moving water through their bodies. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Form and Function in Sponges Sponges have a simple skeleton. Softer sponges have an internal skeleton made of spongin, a network of flexible protein fibers. In harder sponges, the skeleton is made of spiny spicules. A spicule is a spike- shaped structure made of calcium carbonate or silica. Sponges carry out basic functions, such as feeding and circulation, by moving water through their bodies. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Form and Function in Sponges Spicules are made by archaeocytes, which are specialized cells that move around within the walls of the sponge. Archaeocytes Sponges carry out basic functions, such as feeding and circulation, by moving water through their bodies. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Form and Function in Sponges Feeding Sponges are filter feeders that sift microscopic food particles from the water. Digestion is intracellular, meaning that it takes place inside cells. As water moves through the sponge, food particles are trapped and engulfed by choanocytes that line the body cavity. These particles are then digested or passed on to archaeocytes, who complete the digestive process and transport digested food throughout the sponge. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Form and Function in Sponges Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion Sponges rely on movement of water through their bodies to carry out body functions. Oxygen dissolved in the water diffuses into the surrounding cells. Carbon dioxide and other wastes, such as ammonia, diffuse into the water and are carried away. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Principle of Continuity Respiration, circulation, and excretion occur by the Principle of Continuity: Fluids are incompressible, thus for a particular volume entering one end of a rigid pipe, the same volume must leave the other end of the pipe. For a sponge, all ostia are summed to a large area for water input, must larger than the single osculum. This increases the speed of water exiting, allowing wastes to be moved out quickly. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Form and Function in Sponges Response Sponges do not have nervous systems that would allow them to respond to changes in their environment. However, many sponges protect themselves by producing toxins that make them unpalatable or poisonous to potential predators. They also can recognize “self” v “non-self:” if you put two different sponges in a blender, the cells will regenerate with one another by genotype. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Form and Function in Sponges Reproduction Sponges can reproduce sexually or asexually. In most sponge species, a single sponge forms both eggs and sperm by meiosis, so they are called monoecious. The eggs are fertilized inside the sponge’s body, in a process called internal fertilization. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Form and Function in Sponges Sperm are released from one sponge and are carried by water currents until they enter the pores of another sponge. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Form and Function in Sponges Archaeocytes carry the sperm to an egg. Most sponges reproduce sexually, and many have internal fertilization. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Form and Function in Sponges After fertilization, the zygote develops into a larva. A larva is an immature stage of an organism that looks different from the adult form. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Form and Function in Sponges The larvae of sponges are motile through the uses of cilia. Water currents carry the larva until it attaches to a surface and grows into a new sponge. New sponge Mature sponge (2N) Swimming larva Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Form and Function in Sponges Sponges can reproduce asexually by budding or by producing gemmules. In budding, part of a sponge breaks off of the parent sponge, settles to the sea floor, and grows into a new sponge. In difficult environmental conditions, some sponges produce gemmules, which are groups of archaeocytes surrounded by a tough layer of spicules. Gemmules can survive freezing temperatures and drought. When conditions become favorable, a gemmule grows into a new sponge. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Form and Function in Sponges Sexual reproduction involves joining haploid gametes that have been produced by meiosis. Since the zygote contains genes from both parents, the new sponge is not genetically identical to either parent. Asexual reproduction, in contrast, does not involve meiosis or the joining of haploid gametes. Instead, the cells of the bud or gemmule, which are diploid, divide repeatedly by mitosis, producing growth. Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

There are three main body plans of sponges: Asconoid: simplest, filter feeding in flagellated spongocoel (lined with choanocytes), least efficient. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Body Plans Synconoid: filter feeding in flagellated radial canals, medium efficiency. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Body Plans Leuconoid: filter feeding in flagellated chambers, spongocoel very reduced, each chamber utilizes principle of continuity, highly efficient. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecology of Sponges Ecology of Sponges Sponges are important in aquatic ecology. They provide habitats for marine animals such as snails, sea stars, and shrimp, forming commensalism relationships. Sponges containing photosynthetic organisms play an important role in the ecology and primary productivity of coral reefs. The photosynthetic organism provides food and oxygen to the sponge, and the sponge provides a protected habitat. This is a mutualistic relationship where both benefit. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecology of Sponges Sponges usually live attached to the sea floor, where they often receive only low levels of filtered sunlight. The spicules of some sponges look like cross-shaped antennae. Like a lens or a magnifying glass, they focus and direct incoming sunlight to cells lying below the surface of the sponge—where symbiotic organisms carry out photosynthesis. This adaptation allows sponges to survive in a wider range of habitats. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 26-2 In sponges, a spike-shaped structure made of chalklike calcium carbonate or glasslike silica is a(an) spicule. archaeocyte. choanocyte. epidermal cell. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 26-2 An immature stage of an organism that looks different from the adult form is a(an) gemmule. larva. archaeocyte. choanocyte. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 26-2 Specialized cells that use flagella to move water through the sponge are gemmules. pores. spicules. choanocytes. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 26-2 Sponges are detritivores. carnivores. filter feeders. herbivores. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 26-2 Sponges can reproduce sexually only. asexually only. both sexually and asexually. by metamorphosis. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall