Presented to the BLISS and SHARP undergraduate fellows Applying Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for research in multiple disciplines Presented to the BLISS and SHARP undergraduate fellows July 26, 2018 12:15 – 12:30 Intro to GIS and the Center for Geographic Analysis (Jeff Blossom, CGA) 12:30 – 1:30 Presentations by Harvard researchers: Dr. Michael McCormick (Professor of History) Hari Iyer (SD candidate, HSPH) Xue Wang (Visiting fellow at the CGA, PhD candidate Chinese U. of Hong Kong) Emerson Morgan (PhD candidate, Music Dept.) 1:30 – 1:45 Questions / Answers / Conclusion

Mission: To support research and education that relies on geographic information. Location: CGIS Knafel basement. 1737 Cambridge St.

Slide courtesy of Dr. Keith Ratner, Salem State University What is Geography? An integrative spatial science that attempts to explain and predict the spatial distribution and variation of human and physical features on the earth’s surface Understanding how and why things differ from place to place The “why of where?” Start with finding where? Then answer why? Then ask what-to-do about it? A problem solving discipline Slide courtesy of Dr. Keith Ratner, Salem State University

What is GIS? Geographic Information System (GIS) defined: A collection of computer hardware and software designed for capturing, storing, updating,, manipulating, analyzing, displaying, and publishing all forms of geographically referenced information. People performing different roles are required. Common methodologies are applied within a GIS. GIS was started in the late 1960’s, and today is really an industry unto itself that is used by numerous disciplines in private, government, and academic work.

Geographic Coordinate System – a common reference used to map things on Earth. Use lines of longitude and latitude. Any location on Earth can be represented by the intersection of a longitude, latitude line. 42.3744,-71.1166 is the latitude, longitude location of Harvard Yard Now let’s look at each letter in the acronym “GIS”. The first, G stands for geographic. (read the slide)

And if we enter these coordinates into a geographic application like Google Maps, the map will zoom to this exact spot on earth, which happens to be in the center of Harvard Yard.

Geographic Coordinate System – a common reference used to map things on Earth. (read the slide, explaining how the coordinates relate to specific places on the map) All GIS software uses this common geographic coordinate system, enabling the use of mapped data in many GIS systems.

Geographic Information Systems Information is linked to features (like cities) on the map. Stored in tabular form Geographic Information Systems The “I” in GIS is information, perhaps the most powerful part of a GIS, as an unlimited amount of information can be associated with each mapped feature. Here is the information table behind a GIS cities layer. Not only does this dataset contain the locations of each city, but each location is represented by a row in a table. The columns in the table describe about each feature, such as the city name, state, population, and median age, shown here.

Geographic Information System Hardware - Software - Data - Methodology - People - Management A common set of tools and procedures A well managed system of information Read the slide, then: The image on the right is the classic “layer cake” GIS graphic showing many different mapped features aligned properly in the same geographic space, allowing one to not only make maps of these features, but answer questions like “what is the land usage of my parcels?” What is the distance from my customers to the nearest major street? Database Data Files

What is GIS? (Geographic Information Systems) A pan-able and zoom-able map – so that little girl can see places above Argentina and Chile. GIS is not just one map – it is the entire world, mapped at multiple scales from global all the way down to neighborhood, accesses by anyone using a computer.

An intelligent map to answer your questions: How to get from place A to place B (network routing)? Features like roads shown on this map aren’t just mapped – there’s intelligence built into each road, like the speed limit of that road. This travel speed information can be used in GIS the fastest route between two locations on the map, shown here with the blue line on the left. Intelligent features in GIS can also accommodate for barriers in a network. For example if there was construction on the interstate, the routing algorithm would take this into account, and map the fastest path around the obstruction, shown in the image on the right. B B

An intelligent map to answer your questions: What exist at the same location (overlay)? On this map the colors represent elevation, red as high, ranging to blue as low. Everything in blue is in the floodplain, here along the river. The tan shapes are buildings. GIS can be used to answer the question “which buildings lie in the floodplain?” by overlaying the buildings with the elevation, showing us that all buildings in lying on the blue area of the map are in the floodplain.

A spinning globe with elevated terrain – so to give you a realistic view of places on earth. The earth is a spherical shape, in three dimensions. GIS programs such as google earth show the earth this way, and are great for depicting terrain, buildings, or other features that are best represented in 3D. … and more

Why Maps? Maps are a form of communication that show: Similarities and differences between places

Why Maps? Maps can show patterns over time. http://www.schofieldbros.com/railroads.html

Why Maps? Maps help us conceptualize, reconstruct history, illustrate the present, or plan for the future.

Thank you. Contact the CGA: http://gis. harvard Thank you! Contact the CGA: http://gis.harvard.edu/contactus Jeff Blossom: jblossom@cga.harvard.edu CGA website: http://gis.harvard.edu Speaker contact info: Dr. Michael McCormick: https://history.fas.harvard.edu/people/michael-mccormick Hari Iyer: hai161@mail.harvard.edu Xue Wang: wsnow@link.cuhk.edu.hk Emerson Morgan: emorgan@fas.harvard.edu