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Presentation transcript:

الغازات

البالون عند درجة حرارة الغرفة قارني بين البالونتين ؟؟ البالون عند درجة حرارة الغرفة البالون عند درجة حرارة 0°C

تخيلي نفسك وانتى داخل المنطاد ؟؟

منطاد الهواء الساخن يستخدم الموقد لتسخين الهواء في المنطاد و عندما ترتفع درجة حرارة الهواء في المنطاد فان حجم الهواء فيه و ضغطه يزدادان و هذا الامر يبقى مرتفعا ...

قانون بويل    Robert Boyle (1627-1691) was born in Lismore, Ireland. He was regarded as one of the foremost  experimental scientists of his time. It is thought that he was the first to collect gases by displacing water in an inverted flask. He discovered the relationship between the pressure and the volume of a gas in 1660. The relationship, P x V = constant, is known as Boyle´s law and was one of the first attempts to express a scientific principle in a mathematical form. Boyle separated chemistry from the realm of alchemy and established it as a science. On the basis of experiment he defined an element as something that cannot be broken up into smaller substances. Robert Boyle devoted his life to experimental science, taking careful notes of each experiment, enabling other scientists to learn from his work. He is regarded as the father of experimental science. The Sceptical Chymist or Chymico-Physical Doubts & Paradoxes is the title of Robert Boyle’s masterpiece of scientific literature, published in London in 1661. In the form of a dialogue, the Sceptical Chymist presented Boyle's hypothesis that matter consisted of atoms and clusters of atoms in motion and that every phenomenon was the result of collisions of particles in motion. He appealed to chemists to experiment and asserted that experiments denied the limiting of chemical elements to only the classic four: earth, fire, air, and water. He also pleaded that chemistry should cease to be subservient to medicine or to alchemy, and rise to the status of a science. Importantly, he advocated a rigorous approach to scientific experiment: he believed all theories must be proved experimentally before being regarded as true. For these reasons Robert Boyle has been called the founder of modern chemistry. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

اقرئي الصورة التالية ؟؟

كلما زاد الضغط على الغاز فإن الحجم يقل . العلاقة عكسيه بين الضغط والحجم.. 1 atm 2 atm 2 Liters 4 Liters 1 Liters

قانون بويل P1V1 = P2V2 درجة الحرارة ثابتة When the volume of a gas decreases, its pressure increases as long as there is no change in the temperature or the amount of the gas. Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 253

العلاقة بين الضغط و الحجم 250 200 150 100 50 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Volume (L) Pressure (kPa) (P3,V3) (P1,V1) (P2,V2) P1 = 100 kPa V1 = 1.0 L P2 = 50 kPa V2 = 2.0 L P3 = 200 kPa V3 = 0.5 L 2.5 P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 = P3 x V3 = 100 L x kPa

PV = k قانون بويل علاقة عكسية.. Volume Pressure P.V P V 10.0 20.0 30.0 (mL) Pressure (torr) P.V (mL.torr) 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 760.0 379.6 253.2 191.0 7.60 x 103 7.59 x 103 7.64 x 103 علاقة عكسية.. P V PV = k As the pressure on a gas increases, the volume of the gas decreases because the gas particles are forced closer together. As the pressure on a gas decreases, the gas volume increases because the gas particles can now move farther apart. Boyle carried out some experiments that determined the quantitative relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas. Plots of Boyle’s data showed that a simple plot of V versus P is a hyperbola and reveals an inverse relationship between pressure and volume; as the pressure is doubled, the volume decreases by a factor of two. Relationship between the two quantities is described by the equation PV = constant. Dividing both sides by P gives an equation that illustrates the inverse relationship between P and V: V = constant = constant(1/P) or V  1/P P • A plot of V versus 1/P is a straight line whose slope is equal to the constant. • Numerical value of the constant depends on the amount of gas used in the experiment and on the temperature at which the experiments are carried out. • This relationship between pressure and volume is known as Boyle’s law which states that at constant temperature, the volume of a fixed amount of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

العلاقة بين الحجم و الضغط ( الرسم البياني ) PV = k درجة الحراة ثابتة الضغط

قانون بويل القانون المستخدم PV = ثابت P1V1 = P2V2 العلاقة عكسية

ما تعليقك على هذه الصورة؟؟

عند عملية الشهيق يزداد حجم الرئيتن و يقل الضغط مما يسمح للهواء بالدخول الى الرئتين . عند عملية الزفير يقل حجم الرئتين و يزداد الضغط مما يسمح للهواء بالخروج منها . عندما يصعد الغواص بحهاز التنفس الى اعلى يقل الضغط و يزداد في الحجم فاذا حبس انفاسه في اثناء الصعود فان حجم الهواءفي الرئتين يزداد .

من خلا ل المعطيات اوجدي الحجم المطلوب ؟؟ P1 = 2 atm V1 = 3.0 L P2 = 4 atm V2 = ?

V2 = 1.5L تحديد المجهول التطبيق P1V1 = V2 P2 (2.0 atm)(3.0L) = V2

قانون شارل

البالون عند درجة حرارة الغرفة قارني بين البالونتين ؟؟ البالون عند درجة حرارة الغرفة البالون عند درجة حرارة 0°C

يقل حجم البالون عند تنخفض درجة الحرارة حيث ينقص حجم الغاز حيث يكون جوانب البالون اقل صلابة و هذا يدل على أن ضغط الغاز قد قل .حيث يقل الحجم بسبب انخفاض في درجة الحرارة ..

قانون شارل

قانون شارل

قانون شارل Volume V/T = k عند ثبوت الضغط Temp

قانون شارل القانون المستخدم V1 V2 T1 T2 = العلاقة طردية

تطبيق قانون شارل T1 = 127°C + 273 = 400K V1 = 3.0 L T2 = 227°C + 273 = 5ooK V2 = ? العلاقة بين الحجم و الحرارة

استخدام قانون شارل 3.0L V2 400K 500K = ايجاد الناتج (500K)(3.0L) = V2 (400K) V2 = 3.8L

قارني بين الرسم البياني للحجم مع درجة الحرارة السليزية ودرجة الحرارة المطلقة ؟؟

مثال 7-2 ص94

ماهو الرابط بين هذه الصورة و القوانين الذى تمت دراستها ؟؟ قانون بويل

ماهو الرابط بين هذه الصورة و القوانين الذى تمت دراستها ؟؟ قانون شارل

لخصي اهم المعلومات الناتجة من قانون من خلال جدول .. لخصي اهم المعلومات الناتجة من قانون بويل وشارل؟؟

Boyle’s P V T, n Charles’ V T P, n ملخص القانون العلاقة القانون المستخدم الثوابت Boyle’s P V P1V1 = P2V2 T, n Charles’ V T V1/T1 = V2/T2 P, n