The World at War… Again 1931-1941

Review of Totalitarianism COMMUNISM FASCISM Revolution by workers No private property Collectivization State-run economy The State above the individual Single party rule Charismatic leader Propaganda & indoctrination Rule by terror Extreme nationalism and racism Private property w/ strong gov’t controls Militaristic expansionism Anticommunist

The more extreme… The more it looks the same C F TOTALITARIANISM

Aggression and Appeasement Nazi Germany begins to build “Third Reich” in defiance of Versailles Treaty 1935 – Creates a new Air force 1935 – Draft increases army to 550,000 1936 – Occupies Rhineland in West 1938 – Annexes Austria 1938 – Annexes Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) British response: Appeasement Give in to demands to avoid war So why is this a problem??

The Munich Agreement: Two Takes Chamberlain: “My friends, there has come back from Germany peace with honor. I believe it is peace in our time” Churchill: ‘We have passed an awful milestone in our history…this is only the first sip…of a bitter cup that will be proffered to us year by year unless, by a supreme recovery of moral health and martial vigor, we rise again and take our stand for freedom as in the olden time”

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact August, 1939 – bitter enemies agree to not attack each other (will split Poland) September 1, 1939 – Germany invades Poland Blitzkrieg (lightning war) – surprise and overwhelm opponent w/ coordinated air power, tanks, and infantry

Europe at War

FDR Prepares for War Calls for U.S. to be “The great arsenal of democracy” 1939: “cash and carry” – Allies can buy arms so long as they pay cash and transport on their own ships 1941: Lend-Lease Act – Lend or lease arms or other supplies to “any country whose defense was vital to the United States” (garden hose)

The Atlantic Charter Joint declaration between FDR and Churchill on goals of war against Germany Collective security Disarmament Self-determination Economic cooperation Freedom of the seas Later becomes the basis for the United Nations

Empire of Japan 1942

U.S. Response to Japan In response to Japanese invasion of French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia), U.S. enacts trade embargo Japan cut off from steel, rubber, oil U.S. Military had broken Japan’s secret communication code and learns a strike in the Pacific is imminent

Japanese Response to U.S.: Pearl Harbor

American Public Opinion: 1940

American Public Opinion: 1942

Declaration of War “Yesterday, December 7, 1941 -- a date which will live in infamy -- the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.” 12/8/41 Address to Congress

Great Britain Soviet Union United States Major Combatants 1942 AXIS POWERS ALLIES Germany Italy Japan Great Britain Soviet Union United States