Residential greenness and prevalence of major depressive disorders: a cross-sectional, observational, associational study of 94 879 adult UK Biobank participants

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Residential greenness and prevalence of major depressive disorders: a cross-sectional, observational, associational study of 94 879 adult UK Biobank participants Chinmoy Sarkar, PhD, Prof Chris Webster, DSc, Prof John Gallacher, PhD The Lancet Planetary Health Volume 2, Issue 4, Pages e162-e173 (April 2018) DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30051-2 Copyright © 2018 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Association between residential greenness and odds of major depressive disorders stratified by age, gender, urbanicity, and neighbourhood socioeconomic status Each model is adjusted for age, sex, highest educational qualification, employment status, social activities, household income, neighbourhood socioeconomic status, body-mass index status, cardiometabolic disease, diabetes, terrain, street-movement density, and PM2·5. Urbanicity was measured as an aggregated index of residential, retail, public transport, and street-movement density, and expressed in quartiles. Neighbourhood socioeconomic status was defined in terms of Townsend's index of deprivation and expressed as quintiles, with higher quintiles indicating higher levels of deprivation. MDD=major depressive disorder. NDVI=Normalised Difference Vegetation Index. SES=socioeconomic status. *p<0·05. The Lancet Planetary Health 2018 2, e162-e173DOI: (10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30051-2) Copyright © 2018 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Models of interaction effects in the association between residential greenness and odds of major depressive disorder Each model is adjusted for age, sex, highest educational qualification, employment status, social activities, household income, neighbourhood socioeconomic status, body-mass index status, cardiometabolic disease, diabetes, terrain, street-movement density, and PM2·5. Urbanicity was measured as an aggregated index of residential, retail, public transport, and street-movement density, and expressed in quartiles. Neighbourhood socioeconomic status was defined in terms of Townsend's index of deprivation and expressed as quintiles, with higher quintiles indicating higher levels of deprivation. OR=odds ratio. *p<0·01. The Lancet Planetary Health 2018 2, e162-e173DOI: (10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30051-2) Copyright © 2018 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license Terms and Conditions