Nonmetallic Elements and Their Compounds Chapter 21 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.  Permission required for reproduction or display.

Nonmetallic Elements Metalloids 21.1

C3H8 (g) + 3H2O (g) 3CO (g) + 7H2 (g) Hydrogen Production C3H8 (g) + 3H2O (g) 3CO (g) + 7H2 (g) C (s) + H2O (g) CO (g) + H2 (g) Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) 21.2

Binary Hydrides of the Representative Elements 21.2

1H (hydrogen), 2H (deuterium, D), 3H (tritium, T) Isotopes of Hydrogen 1H (hydrogen), 2H (deuterium, D), 3H (tritium, T) 1 Kinetic isotope effect CH3COOH (aq) CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq) Ka = 1.8 x 10-5 CH3COOD (aq) CH3COO- (aq) + D+ (aq) Ka = 6 x 10-6 21.2

Pt catalyst on Al2O3 used in hydrogenation Hydrogenation is the addition of hydrogen to compounds containing multiple bonds. C H C H H2 + Pt catalyst on Al2O3 used in hydrogenation 21.2

Fuel Values of Some Common Fuels The Hydrogen Economy 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l) Fuel Values of Some Common Fuels Fuel Fuel Value (kJ/g) Wood (pine) 18 Coal 31 Crude oil 45 Gasoline 48 Natural gas 49 Hydrogen 142 21.2

Chemistry In Action: Metallic Hydrogen

Phase Diagram of Carbon C (diamond) C (graphite) DG0 = -2.87 kJ 21.3

Chemistry In Action: Synthetic Gas from Coal C (s) + H2O (g) CO (g) + H2 (g) C (s) + 2H2 (g) CH4 (g) CO (g) + 2H2 (g) CH3OH (l) 21.3

21.4

nP4 (white phosphorus) (P4)n (red phosphorus) 2Ca3(PO4)2 (s) + 10C (s) + 6SiO2 (s) 6CaSiO3 (s) + 10CO (g) + P4 (s) P4 (s) + 5O2 (g) P4O10 (s) nP4 (white phosphorus) (P4)n (red phosphorus) 3000C 21.4

21.4

Common Phosphorus-Containing Oxoacids 21.4

Chemistry In Action: Ammonium Nitrate–The Explosive Fertilizer At T > 2500C NH4NO3 (g) N2O (g) + 2H2O (g) At T > 3000C 2NH4NO3 (g) 2N2 (g) + 4H2O (g) + O2 (g)

O2- (aq) + 2H2O (l) O2 (g) + 4OH- (aq) • 2- oxide O • 2- peroxide O • - superoxide O2- (aq) + H2O (l) 2OH- (aq) O2- (aq) + 2H2O (l) O2 (g) + 4OH- (aq) 2 4O- (aq) + 2H2O (l) 3O2 (g) + 4OH- (aq) 2 basic oxides amphoteric acidic oxides basicity 21.5

Ozone 3O2 (g) 2O3 (g) DG0 = 326.8 kJ (powerful oxidizing agent) Electrical Discharge Production of Ozone 21.5

Frasch Process 21.5

21.5

21.6

Electrolytic Production of Fluorine 2F- F2 (g) + 2e- 2H+ + 2e- H2 (g) 2HF H2 (g) + F2 (g) 21.6

Laboratory Production of Chlorine Gas MnO2 (s) + 2H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaCl (aq) MnSO4 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l) + Cl2 (g) 21.6

Chlorine Production by the Chlor-Alkali Process 2Cl- (aq) Cl2 (g) + 2e- 2Na+ (aq) + 2e- 2Na/Hg Hg (l) 2NaCl (aq) 2Na/Hg (g) + Cl2 (g) 21.6

21.6