Solid and Hazardous Waste Chapter 21

Core Case Study: E-waste—An Exploding Problem (1) Electronic waste, e-waste: fastest growing solid waste problem Composition includes High-quality plastics Valuable metals Toxic and hazardous pollutants

Core Case Study: E-waste—An Exploding Problem (2) Shipped to other countries What happens in China? International Basel Convention Bans transferring hazardous wastes from developed countries to developing countries European Union Cradle-to-grave approach

Core Case Study: E-waste—An Exploding Problem (3) What should be done? Recycle E-cycle Reuse Prevention approach: remove the toxic materials

Rapidly Growing E-Waste from Discarded Computers and Other Electronics

21-1 What Are Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste, and Why Are They Problems? Concept 21-1 Solid waste represents pollution and unnecessary waste of resources, and hazardous waste contributes to pollution, natural capital degradation, health problems, and premature deaths.

We Throw Away Huge Amounts of Useful Things and Hazardous Materials (1) Solid waste Industrial solid Municipal solid waste (MSW) Hazardous, toxic, waste Hazardous wastes Organic compounds Toxic heavy metals Radioactive waste

We Throw Away Huge Amounts of Useful Things and Hazardous Materials (2) 80–90% of hazardous wastes produced by developed countries Why reduce solid wastes? ¾ of the materials are an unnecessary waste of the earth's resources Huge amounts of air pollution, greenhouse gases, and water pollution

What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your Home?

What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your Home? Cleaning Gardening Disinfectants Pesticides Drain, toilet, and window cleaners Weed killers Ant and rodent killers Spot removers Flea powders Septic tank cleaners Paint Products Paints, stains, varnishes, and lacquers Paint thinners, solvents, and strippers Automotive Figure 21.2 Harmful chemicals found in many homes. The U.S. Congress has exempted disposal of these materials from government regulation. Question: Which of these chemicals are in your home? Wood preservatives Gasoline Artist paints and inks Used motor oil General Antifreeze Dry-cell batteries (mercury and cadmium) Battery acid Brake and transmission fluid Glues and cements Fig. 21-2, p. 562

What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your Home? Cleaning Disinfectants Drain, toilet, and window cleaners Spot removers Septic tank cleaners Gardening Pesticides Weed killers Ant and rodent killers Flea powders Paint Products Paints, stains, varnishes, and lacquers Paint thinners, solvents, and strippers Wood preservatives Artist paints and inks Automotive Gasoline Used motor oil Antifreeze Battery acid Brake and transmission fluid Figure 21.2 Harmful chemicals found in many homes. The U.S. Congress has exempted disposal of these materials from government regulation. Question: Which of these chemicals are in your home? General Dry-cell batteries (mercury and cadmium) Glues and cements Stepped Art Fig. 21-2, p. 562

Natural Capital Degradation: Solid Wastes Polluting a River in Indonesia

Solid Waste in the United States Leader in solid waste problem What is thrown away? Leader in trash production, by weight, per person Recycling is helping

Hundreds of Millions of Discarded Tires in a Dump in Colorado, U.S.

Case Study: Trash Production, Recycling in NYC: Past, Present, and Future 1920–1940: Highest trash due to coal ash 1962 and 1963: Lowest trash, coal burning phased out 1964 and 1974: Rise in trash due to throwaway containers 1999: Mandatory recycling 2001: Fresh Kills landfill closed, trash hauling

21-2 How Should We Deal with Solid Waste? Concept 21-2 A sustainable approach to solid waste is first to reduce it, then to reuse or recycle it, and finally to safely dispose of what is left.

We Can Burn or Bury Solid Waste or Produce Less of It Waste Management Waste Reduction Integrated waste management Uses a variety of strategies

Integrated Waste Management

Processing and manufacturing Products Raw materials Processing and manufacturing Products Solid and hazardous wastes generated during the manufacturing process Waste generated by households and businesses Figure 21.5 Integrated waste management: wastes are reduced through recycling, reuse, and composting or managed by burying them in landfills or incinerating them. Most countries rely primarily on burial and incineration. Question: What happens to the solid waste you produce? Food/yard waste Remaining mixed waste Plastic Glass Metal Paper Hazardous waste To manufacturers for reuse or for recycling Compost Hazardous waste management Incinerator Landfill Fertilizer Fig. 21-5, p. 565

Integrated Waste Management: Priorities for Dealing with Solid Waste

First Priority Second Priority Last Priority Primary Pollution and Waste Prevention Secondary Pollution and Waste Prevention Waste Management Treat waste to reduce toxicity Change industrial process to eliminate use of harmful chemicals Reuse Repair Incinerate waste Use less of a harmful product Recycle Bury waste in landfills Reduce packaging and materials in products Compost Buy reusable and recyclable products Release waste into environment for dispersal or dilution Make products that last longer and are recyclable, reusable, or easy to repair Figure 21.6 Integrated waste management: priorities suggested by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences for dealing with solid waste. To date, these waste reduction priorities have not been followed in the United States or in most other countries. Instead, most efforts are devoted to waste management (bury it or burn it). Question: Why do you think most countries do not follow these priorities, even though they are based on reliable science? (Data from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. National Academy of Sciences) Fig. 21-6, p. 565

First Priority Second Priority Last Priority Primary Pollution and Waste Prevention Change industrial process to eliminate use of harmful chemicals Reduce packaging and materials in products Make products that last longer and are recyclable, reusable, or easy to repair Second Priority Secondary Pollution and Waste Prevention Reuse Repair Recycle Compost Buy reusable and recyclable products Last Priority Waste Management Treat waste to reduce toxicity Incinerate waste Bury waste in landfills Release waste into environment for dispersal or dilution Use less of a harmful product Figure 21.6 Integrated waste management: priorities suggested by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences for dealing with solid waste. To date, these waste reduction priorities have not been followed in the United States or in most other countries. Instead, most efforts are devoted to waste management (bury it or burn it). Question: Why do you think most countries do not follow these priorities, even though they are based on reliable science? (Data from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. National Academy of Sciences) Stepped Art Fig. 21-6, p. 565

Science Focus: Garbology William Rathje: analyzes garbage in landfills Landfills and trash decomposition

We Can Cut Solid Wastes by Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling (1) Waste reduction is based on Reduce Reuse Recycle Seven strategies: (1) Redesign manufacturing processes and products to use less material and energy (2) Redesign manufacturing processes to produce less waste and pollution

We Can Cut Solid Wastes by Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling (2) Seven strategies cont… (3) Develop products that are easy to repair, reuse, remanufacture, compost, or recycle (4) Eliminate or reduce unnecessary packaging (5) Use fee-per-bag waste collection systems (6) Establish cradle-to grave responsibility (7) Restructure urban transportation systems

What Can You Do? Solid Waste

Figure 21.7 Individuals matter: ways to save resources by reducing your output of solid waste and pollution. Questions: Which three of these actions do you think are the most important? Why? Which of these things do you do? Stepped Art Fig. 21-7, p. 566

21-3 Why Is Reusing and Recycling Materials So Important? Concept 21-3 Reusing items decreases the use of matter and energy resources and reduces pollution and natural capital degradation; recycling does so to a lesser degree.

Reuse: Important Way to Reduce Solid Waste, Pollution and to Save Money Reuse: clean and use materials over and over Downside of reuse in developing countries Salvaging automobiles parts Rechargeable batteries

Case Study: Use of Refillable Containers Reuse and recycle Refillable glass beverage bottles Refillable soft drink bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic Paper, plastic, or reusable cloth bags Pros Cons

Energy Consumption Involved with Using Different Types of 350 ml Containers

Glass drink bottle, used once Aluminum can, used once Steel can, used once Recycled steel can Glass drink bottle, used once Recycled aluminum can Recycled glass drink bottle Figure 21.8 Energy consumption involved with using different types of 350-milliliter (12-fluid-ounce) beverage containers. (Data from Argonne National Laboratory) Refillable drink bottle, used 10 times 8 16 24 32 Energy (thousands of kilocalories) Fig. 21-8, p. 568

What Can You Do? Reuse

There Are Two Types of Recycling (1) Primary, closed-loop recycling Secondary recycling Types of wastes that can be recycled Preconsumer: internal waste Postconsumer: external waste

There Are Two Types of Recycling (2) Do items actually get recycled? What are the numbers? Will the consumer buy recycled goods?

We Can Mix or Separate Household Solid Wastes for Recycling Materials-recovery facilities (MRFs) Source separation Pay-as-you-throw Fee-per-bag Which program is more cost effective? Which is friendlier to the environment?

We Can Copy Nature and Recycle Biodegradable Solid Wastes Composting Individual Municipal Benefits Successful program in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Backyard Composter Drum: Bacteria Convert Kitchen Waste into Compost

Case Study: Recycling Paper Production of paper versus recycled paper Energy use Water use Pollution Countries that are recycling Replacement of chlorine-based bleaching chemicals with H2O2 or O2

Case Study: Recycling Plastics (1) Plastics: composed of resins Most containers discarded: 4% recycled Litter: beaches, water Significance?

Case Study: Recycling Plastics (2) Low plastic recycling rate Hard to isolate one type of plastic Low yields of plastic Cheaper to make it new

Discarded Solid Waste Litters Beaches

Individuals Matter: Mike Biddle’s Contribution to Recycling Plastics Mike Biddle and Trip Allen: MBA Polymers, Inc. Leaders in plastic recycling Plants in U.S. China Australia

Science Focus: Bioplastics (1) Plastics from soybeans: not a new concept Key to bioplastics: catalysts Sources Corn Soy Sugarcane

Science Focus: Bioplastics (2) Sources cont… Switchgrass Chicken feathers Some garbage CO2 from coal-burning plant emissions Benefits: lighter, stronger, cheaper, and biodegradable

Recycling Has Advantages and Disadvantages

Trade-Offs: Recycling, Advantages and Disadvantages

TRADE-OFFS Recycling Advantages Disadvantages Reduces air and water pollution Can cost more than burying in areas with ample landfill space Saves energy Reduces mineral demand May lose money for items such as glass and some plastics Reduces greenhouse gas emissions Reduces solid waste production and disposal Figure 21.12 Advantages and disadvantages of recycling solid waste (Concept 21-3). Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why? Reduces profits for landfill and incinerator owners Helps protect biodiversity Can save landfill space Source separation is inconvenient for some people Important part of economy Fig. 21-12, p. 573

We Can Encourage Reuse and Recycling (1) What hinders reuse and recycling? Encourage reuse and recycling Government Increase subsidies and tax breaks for using such products Decrease subsidies and tax breaks for making items from virgin resources

We Can Encourage Reuse and Recycling (2) Fee-per-bag collection New laws Citizen pressure

21-4 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Burning or Burying Solid Waste Concept 21-4 Technologies for burning and burying solid wastes are well developed, but burning contributes to pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and buried wastes eventually contribute to pollution and land degradation.

Burning Solid Waste Has Advantages and Disadvantages Waste-to-energy incinerators 600 Globally Most in Great Britain Advantages Disadvantages

Solutions: A Waste-to-Energy Incinerator with Pollution Controls

Wet scrubber Waste pit Bottom ash Dirty water Electricity Smokestack Steam Turbine Crane Generator Wet scrubber Furnace Boiler Electrostatic precipitator Waste pit Water added Bottom ash Dirty water Conveyor Figure 21.13 Solutions: a waste-to-energy incinerator with pollution controls. It burns mixed solid wastes and recovers some of the energy to produce steam used for heating or producing electricity. Question: Would you invest in such a project? Why or why not? Fly ash Ash for treatment, disposal in landfill, or use as landfill cover Fig. 21-13, p. 575

Trade-Offs: Incineration, Advantages and Disadvantages

Burying Solid Waste Has Advantages and Disadvantages Open dumps Sanitary landfills

Solutions: State-of-the-Art Sanitary Landfill

When landfill is full, layers of soil and clay seal in trash Topsoil Sand Electricity generator building Clay Leachate treatment system Garbage Methane storage and compressor building Probes to detect methane leaks Pipes collect explosive methane for use as fuel to generate electricity Methane gas recovery well Leachate storage tank Compacted solid waste Figure 21.15 Solutions: state-of-the-art sanitary landfill, which is designed to eliminate or minimize environmental problems that plague older landfills. Since 1997, only modern sanitary landfills are allowed in the United States. As a result, many small, older local landfills have been closed and replaced with larger regional landfills. Question: How do you think sanitary landfills could develop leaks of toxic liquids? Leachate pipes Groundwater monitoring well Leachate pumped up to storage tank for safe disposal Garbage Sand Synthetic liner Leachate monitoring well Sand Groundwater Clay and plastic lining to prevent leaks; pipes collect leachate from bottom of landfill Clay Subsoil

Trade-Offs: Sanitary Landfills, Advantages and Disadvantages

TRADE-OFFS Sanitary Landfills Advantages Disadvantages No open burning Noise and traffic Little odor Dust Low groundwater pollution if sited properly Air pollution from toxic gases and trucks Releases greenhouse gases (methane and CO2) unless they are collected Can be built quickly Low operating costs Figure 21.16 Advantages and disadvantages of using sanitary landfills to dispose of solid waste (Concept 21-4). Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why? Slow decomposition of wastes Can handle large amounts of waste Output approach that encourages waste production Filled land can be used for other purposes No shortage of landfill space in many areas Eventually leaks and can contaminate groundwater Fig. 21-16, p. 576

21-5 How Should We Deal with Hazardous Waste? Concept 21-5 A sustainable approach to hazardous waste is first to produce less of it, then to reuse or recycle it, then to convert it to less hazardous materials, and finally, to safely store what is left.

We Can Use Integrated Management of Hazardous Waste Integrated management of hazardous wastes Produce less Convert to less hazardous substances Rest in long-term safe storage Increased use for postconsumer hazardous waste

Integrated Hazardous Waste Management

Produce Less Hazardous Waste Convert to Less Hazardous or Nonhazardous Substances Put in Perpetual Storage Change industrial processes to reduce or eliminate hazardous waste production Natural decomposition Landfill Incineration Underground injection wells Thermal treatment Chemical, physical, and biological treatment Surface impoundments Recycle and reuse hazardous waste Underground salt formations Dilution in air or water Figure 21.17 Integrated hazardous waste management: priorities suggested by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences for dealing with hazardous waste (Concept 21-5). To date, these priorities have not been followed in the United States and in most other countries. Question: Why do you think that most countries do not follow these priorities? (Data from U.S. National Academy of Sciences) Fig. 21-17, p. 577

Case Study: Recycling E-Waste 70% goes to China Hazardous working conditions Reduce toxic components in electronics 2008: Basal Action Network Instituted e-Stewards Initiative

We Can Detoxify Hazardous Wastes Collect and then detoxify Physical methods Chemical methods Use nanomagnets Bioremediation Phytoremediation Incineration Using a plasma arc torch

Solutions: Phytoremediation

Trade-Offs: Phytoremediation, Advantages and Disadvantages

TRADE-OFFS Phytoremediation Advantages Disadvantages Easy to establish Slow (can take several growing seasons) Inexpensive Effective only at depth plant roots can reach Can reduce material dumped into landfills Some toxic organic chemicals may evaporate from plant leaves Figure 21.19 Advantages and disadvantages of using phytoremediation to remove or detoxify hazardous waste. Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why? Produces little air pollution compared to incineration Some plants can become toxic to animals Low energy use Fig. 21-19, p. 579

Trade-Offs: Plasma Arc, Advantages and Disadvantages

TRADE-OFFS Plasma Arc Advantages Disadvantages Small High cost Produces CO2 and CO Mobile. Easy to move to different sites Can release particulates and chlorine gas Figure 21.20 Advantages and disadvantages of using a plasma arc torch to detoxify hazardous wastes. Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why? Can vaporize and release toxic metals and radioactive elements Produces no toxic ash Fig. 21-20, p. 580

We Can Store Some Forms of Hazardous Waste Burial on land or long-term storage Deep-well disposal Surface impoundments Secure hazardous landfills

Trade-Offs: Deep-Well Disposal, Advantages and Disadvantages

TRADE-OFFS Deep-Well Disposal Advantages Disadvantages Safe method if sites are chosen carefully Leaks or spills at surface Leaks from corrosion of well casing Wastes can often be retrieved if problems develop Existing fractures or earthquakes can allow wastes to escape into groundwater Figure 21.21 Advantages and disadvantages of injecting liquid hazardous wastes into deep underground wells. Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why? Easy to do Output approach that encourages waste production Low cost Fig. 21-21, p. 580

Surface Impoundment in Niagara Falls, New York, U.S.

Trade-Offs Surface Impoundments, Advantages and Disadvantages

TRADE-OFFS Surface Impoundments Advantages Disadvantages Low construction costs Groundwater contamination from leaking liners (or no lining) Low operating costs Air pollution from volatile organic compounds Can be built quickly Overflow from flooding Figure 21.23 Advantages and disadvantages of storing liquid hazardous wastes in surface impoundments. Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why? Wastes can often be retrieved if necessary Disruption and leakage from earthquakes Can store wastes indefinitely with secure double liners Output approach that encourages waste production Fig. 21-23, p. 581

Solutions: Secure Hazardous Waste Landfill

Double leachate collection system Plastic double liner Bulk waste Gas vent Topsoil Plastic cover Earth Sand Impervious clay cap Clay cap Impervious clay Water table Figure 21.24 Solutions: secure hazardous waste landfill. Earth Leak detection system Groundwater Double leachate collection system Plastic double liner Reactive wastes in drums Groundwater monitoring well Fig. 21-24, p. 582

What Can You Do? Hazardous Waste

Case Study: Hazardous Waste Regulation in the United States 1976: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 1980: Comprehensive Environmental, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), or Superfund Pace of cleanup has slowed Superfund is broke Laws encouraging the cleanup of brownfields

Leaking Barrels of Toxic Waste at a Superfund Site in the United States

21-6 How Can We Make the Transition to a More Sustainable Low-Waste Society? Concept 21-6 Shifting to a low-waste society requires individuals and businesses to reduce resource use and to reuse and recycle wastes at local, national, and global levels.

Grassroots Action Has Led to Better Solid and Hazardous Waste Management “Not in my backyard” Produce less waste “Not in anyone’s backyard” “Not on planet Earth”

Providing Environmental Justice for Everyone Is an Important Goal Which communities in the U.S. have the largest share of hazardous waster dumps?

Countries Have Developed International Treaties to Reduce Hazardous Waste (1) 1989 Basel Convention 1995: Amended 2008: Ratified by 192 countries, but not The United States Afghanistan Haiti

Countries Have Developed International Treaties to Reduce Hazardous Waste (2) 2000: Delegates from 122 countries completed a global treaty Control 12 persistent organic pollutants 2000: Swedish Parliament Law By 2020 ban all chemicals that are persistent and can accumulate in living tissue

We Can Make the Transition to Low-Waste Societies Norway, Austria, and the Netherlands Committed to reduce resource waste by 75% East Hampton, NY, U.S. Reduced solid waste by 85% Follow guidelines to prevent pollution and reduce waste

Animation: Economic types